ArticleVirus research2021
SARS-CoV-2 specific memory T cell epitopes identified in COVID-19-recovered subjects.
Article in Virus research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systemic review of T-cell epitopes defined from the proteome of SARS-CoV-2.Virus research · 2023Pooled it
- Natural Infection of Omicron BA.5.2 in Patients Provides Broad Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Epitope mapping using immunopeptidomics reveals novel immunodominant CD8 T cell epitopes of the AAV9 capsid.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Machine learning-enhanced immunopeptidomics applied to T-cell epitope discovery for COVID-19 vaccines.Nature communications · 2024Article
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- Article
- Long-term humoral and cellular immunity after primary SARS-CoV-2 infection: a 20-month longitudinal study.BMC immunology · 2023Article
- Structural definition of HLA class II-presented SARS-CoV-2 epitopes reveals a mechanism to escape pre-existing CD4Cell reports · 2023Article
- Breadth and Durability of SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cell Responses following Long-Term Recovery from COVID-19.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Comparison of Two Commercially Available Interferon-γ Release Assays for T-Cell-Mediated Immunity and Evaluation of Humoral Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare Workers.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- De novo design of anti-variant COVID-19 vaccine.Biology methods & protocols · 2023Article
- Identification of virus-specific B-cell epitopes by convalescent plasma from COVID-19 patients.Molecular immunology · 2022Article
- Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants and future pandemics.Expert review of vaccines · 2022Review
- Plasma biomarkers for systemic inflammation in COVID-19 survivors.Proteomics. Clinical applications · 2022Article
- Measuring T-Cell Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Is of Utility for Disease and Vaccination Management.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Rapid Cytokine Release Assays for Analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Specific T Cells in Whole Blood.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Development of a T Cell-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Using a Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Viral Vector.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Modified dendritic cell-derived exosomes activate both NK cells and T cells through the NKG2D/NKG2D-L pathway to kill CML cells with or without T315I mutation.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2022Article
- Review
- Design and Immunological Properties of the Novel Subunit Virus-like Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.Vaccines · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection poses a serious threat to public health. An explicit investigation of COVID-19 immune responses, particularly the host immunity in recovered subjects, will lay a foundation for the rational design of therapeutics and/or vaccines against future coronaviral outbreaks. Here, we examined virus-specific T cell responses and identified T cell epitopes using peptides spanning SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins. These peptides were used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from COVID-19-recovered subjects, followed by an analysis of IFN-γ-secreting T cells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot). We also evaluated virus-specific CD4 or CD8 T cell activation by flow cytometry assay. By screening 52 matrix pools (comprised of 315 peptides) of the spike (S) glycoprotein and 21 matrix pools (comprised of 102 peptides) spanning the nucleocapsid (N) protein, we identified 28 peptides from S protein and 5 peptides from N protein as immunodominant epitopes. The immunogenicity of these epitopes was confirmed by a second ELISpot using single peptide stimulation in memory T cells, and they were mapped by HLA restrictions. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses positively correlated with B cell IgG and neutralizing antibody responses to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S protein. Our results demonstrate that defined levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses are generated in some, but not all, COVID-19-recovered subjects, fostering hope for the protection of a proportion of COVID-19-exposed individuals against reinfection. These results also suggest that these virus-specific T cell responses may induce protective immunity in unexposed individuals upon vaccination, using vaccines generated based on the immune epitopes identified in this study. However, SARS-CoV-2 S and N peptides are not potently immunogenic, and none of the single peptides could universally induce robust T cell responses, suggesting the necessity of using a multi-epitope strategy for COVID-19 vaccine design.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.