ArticleJMIR mental health2021
Trends in Stress Throughout Pregnancy and Postpartum Period During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Study Using Ecological Momentary Assessment and Data From the Postpartum Mothers Mobile Study.
Article in JMIR mental health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress and other psychological factors in pregnant women giving birth during the first wave of the pandemic.Reproductive health · 2022Trial
- Social Interactions and Cell Aging Dynamics in Postpartum Women.Biological research for nursing · 2026Article
- Pandemic-Related Worries and Stressors and Use of Tobacco and Alcohol Among Postpartum Women in the United States Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) · 2025Article
- Quantifying Maternal Health Using Digital Phenotyping: Protocol for a Longitudinal Observational Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Feasibility and acceptability of measuring prenatal stress in daily life using smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment and wearable physiological monitors.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2024Article
- When pregnancy and pandemic coincide: changes in stress and anxiety over the course of pregnancy.Journal of reproductive and infant psychology · 2024Article
- Feasibility of Using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) to Collect Daily Experiences of Parent-Child Dyads: Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Stress, social support, and racial differences: Dominant drivers of exclusive breastfeeding.Maternal & child nutrition · 2023Article
- Lessons from digital technology-enabled health interventions implemented during the coronavirus pandemic to improve maternal and birth outcomes: a global scoping review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- Scoping Review of Racial and Ethnic Representation of Participants in Mental Health Research Conducted in the Perinatal Period During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing : JOGNN · 2023Article
- Exploring the experiences of pregnant women in the U.S. during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic.The Journal of social issues · 2022Article
- Maternal Distress during Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: Underlying Mechanisms and Child's Developmental Outcomes-A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Adaptive Text Messaging for Postpartum Risky Drinking: Conceptual Model and Protocol for an Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.JMIR research protocols · 2022Article
- Article
- Maternal mental health in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic: a neglected global health issue.Epidemiology and health · 2021Article
- Stress during pregnancy: An ecological momentary assessment of stressors among Black and White women with implications for maternal health.Women's health (London, England)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStress is associated with adverse birth and postpartum health outcomes. Few studies have longitudinally explored racial differences in maternal stress in a birthing population in the United States during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
objectiveThis study aimed to do the following: (1) assess changes in reported stress before, during, and after initial emergency declarations (eg, stay-at-home orders) were in place due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) assess Black-White differences in reported stress in a pregnant and postpartum population from Southwestern Pennsylvania.
methodsWe leveraged data from the ongoing Postpartum Mothers Mobile Study (PMOMS), which surveys participants in real time throughout the pregnancy and postpartum periods via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and smartphone technology. We analyzed data from a subset of PMOMS participants (n=85) who were either Black or White, and who submitted EMA responses regarding stress between November 1, 2019, and August 31, 2020, the time frame of this study. We divided data into four phases based on significant events during the COVID-19 pandemic: "pre" phase (baseline), "early" phase (first case of COVID-19 reported in United States), "during" phase (stay-at-home orders), and "post" phase (stay-at-home orders eased). We assessed mean stress levels at each phase using linear mixed-effects models and post hoc contrasts based on the models.
resultsOverall mean stress (0=not at all to 4=a lot) during the pre phase was 0.8 for Black and White participants (range for Black participants: 0-3.9; range for White participants: 0-2.8). There was an increase of 0.3 points (t
conclusionsThere was an overall increase in mean stress levels in this subset of pregnant and postpartum participants during the same time as the emergency declarations/stay-at-home orders in the United States. Compared to baseline, mean stress levels remained elevated when stay-at-home orders eased. We found no significant difference in the mean stress levels by race. Given that stress is associated with adverse birth outcomes and postpartum health, stress induced by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may have adverse implications for birthing populations in the United States. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.2196/13569.
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