ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2021
Antiviral Drug Delivery System for Enhanced Bioactivity, Better Metabolism and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Green Synthesis and Quality-by-Design Optimization ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- Lipid nanocapsule-chitosan and iota-carrageenan hydrogel composite for sustained hydrophobic drug delivery.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Unlocking the potential of remdesivir: innovative approaches to drug delivery.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- Strategies and efforts in circumventing the emergence of antiviral resistance against conventional antivirals.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Review
- Recent Advances in Antiviral Drug Delivery Strategies.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
- Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Ribavirin and Mycophenolic Acid for Enhanced Antiviral Therapeutics.Viruses · 2025Article
- Establishing a Pharmacoinformatics Repository of Approved Medicines: A Database to Support Drug Product Development.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Nanovesicles as Potential Carriers for Delivery of Antiviral Drugs: A Comprehensive Review.Current drug delivery · 2025Review
- Evaluation of silvestrol as a potential therapeutic agent for pediatric COVID-19: an interpreted computational and phytochemistry approach.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Innovations and Challenges in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines for a Safer Tomorrow.Cureus · 2024Review
- Nanoformulation of the Broad-Spectrum Hydrophobic Antiviral Vacuolar ATPase Inhibitor Diphyllin in Human RecombinantInternational journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Towards Effective Antiviral Oral Therapy: Development of a Novel Self-Double Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Improved Zanamivir Intestinal Permeability.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Advances in Antiviral Delivery Systems and Chitosan-Based Polymeric and Nanoparticulate Antivirals and Antiviral Carriers.Viruses · 2023Review
- Enhanced Nasal Deposition and Anti-Coronavirus Effect of Favipiravir-Loaded Mucoadhesive Chitosan-Alginate Nanoparticles.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Current Treatments for COVID-19: Application of Supercritical Fluids in the Manufacturing of Oral and Pulmonary Formulations.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Quercitrin loaded cyclodextrin based nanosponge as a promising approach for management of lung cancer and COVID-19.Journal of drug delivery science and technology · 2022Article
- Design, Manufacturing, Characterization and Evaluation of Lipid Nanocapsules to Enhance the Biopharmaceutical Properties of Efavirenz.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antiviral drugs (AvDs) are the primary resource in the global battle against viruses, including the recent fight against corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Most AvDs require multiple medications, and their use frequently leads to drug resistance, since they have poor oral bioavailability and low efficacy due to their low solubility/low permeability. Characterizing the in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetic characteristics of AvDs may help to solve the problems associated with AvDs and enhance their efficacy. In this review of AvDs, we systematically investigated their structure-based metabolic reactions and related enzymes, their cellular pharmacology, and the effects of metabolism on AvD pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. We further assessed how delivery systems achieve better metabolism and pharmacology of AvDs. This review suggests that suitable nanosystems may help to achieve better pharmacological activity and pharmacokinetic behavior of AvDs by altering drug metabolism through the utilization of advanced nanotechnology and appropriate administration routes. Notably, such AvDs as ribavirin, remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine, lopinavir and ritonavir have been confirmed to bind to the severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) receptor and thus may represent anti-COVID-19 treatments. Elucidating the metabolic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of AvDs may help pharmacologists to identify new formulations with high bioavailability and efficacy and help physicians to better treat virus-related diseases, including COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.