ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
Socioeconomic privilege and political ideology are associated with racial disparity in COVID-19 vaccination.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 155 citations in OpenAlex.
- Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Global perspectives on challenges, coping strategies, and future preparedness of nursing home staff during COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-synthesis.BMC health services research · 2025Pooled it
- Interventions for COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Inequality in the distribution of Covid-19 vaccine: a systematic review.International journal for equity in health · 2022Pooled it
- Classifying healthcare facilities as predictors of COVID-19 mortality rates in US counties (2020-2021).Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination and Implications for Hospital-Based Interventions.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Association Between Socio-Political and Economic Factors and COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake: US-Mexico Border Study.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Environmental Exposures and COVID-19 Experiences in the United States, 2020-2022.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among vulnerable communities in Texas: Perceptions of 2-1-1 helpline callers.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Spatial inequities in COVID-19 vaccination in Philadelphia by race and income.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Association Between Medical Debt and Vaccine Uptake in the USA, 2021-2022.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- Integrating routine immunization into COVID-19 vaccination improve coverage but could create equity issues: evidence from Niger State, Nigeria.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Healthcare provider recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination: Prevalence, disparities, and correlates.Patient education and counseling · 2025Article
- Politics in Public Health: Growing Partisan Divides in COVID-19 Vaccine Attitudes and Uptake Post-2021 Presidential Inauguration.International journal of public health · 2025Article
- COVID-19 vaccine booster willingness among Asian Americans: Influence of racial discrimination and social determinants.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Article
- Comparison of Predictive Factors of Flu Vaccine Uptake Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Using the NIS-Teen Survey.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Engaging Communities in Emerging Infectious Disease Mitigation to Improve Public Health and Safety.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Inherent Bias in Electronic Health Records: A Scoping Review of Sources of Bias.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccine uptake is critical for mitigating the impact of COVID-19 in the United States, but structural inequities pose a serious threat to progress. Racial disparities in vaccination persist despite the increased availability of vaccines. We ask what factors are associated with such disparities. We combine data from state, federal, and other sources to estimate the relationship between social determinants of health and racial disparities in COVID-19 vaccinations at the county level. Analyzing vaccination data from 19 April 2021, when nearly half of the US adult population was at least partially vaccinated, we find associations between racial disparities in COVID-19 vaccination and median income (negative), disparity in high school education (positive), and vote share for the Republican party in the 2020 presidential election (negative), while vaccine hesitancy is not related to disparities. We examine differences in associations for COVID-19 vaccine uptake as compared with influenza vaccine. Key differences include an amplified role for socioeconomic privilege factors and political ideology, reflective of the unique societal context in which the pandemic has unfolded.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.