Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34325694›Full record

ArticleBMC biology2021

Rac1/ROCK-driven membrane dynamics promote natural killer cell cytotoxicity via granzyme-induced necroptosis.

Yanting Zhu, Jun Xie, Jue Shi

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMC biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed
1.4field-weighted citation impact, top 19% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Modulation of the cytoskeleton for cancer therapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025
    Article
  5. Microtubule regulation in cancer cells.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Induced Necroptosis and Its Role in Cancer Immunotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024
    Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Yanting ZhuCenter for Quantitative Systems Biology, Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
Jun XieCenter for Quantitative Systems Biology, Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
Jue ShiCenter for Quantitative Systems Biology, Department of Physics and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. jshi@hkbu.edu.hk.ORCID 0000-0003-4061-3496
Hong Kong Baptist University · HK

Funding

NIEHS NIH HHS 27306C2006
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundNatural killer (NK) cells play an important role in cancer immunosurveillance and therapy. However, the target selectivity of NK cell activity is still poorly understood.

resultsHere, we used live-cell reporters to unravel differential epithelial cancer target killing by primary human NK cells. We found highly variable fractions of killing by distinct NK cell cytotoxic modes that were not determined by NK ligand expression. Rather, epithelial plasma membrane dynamics driven by ROCK-mediated blebs and/or Rac1-mediated lamellipodia promoted necrotic mode in preference to the apoptotic mode of killing. Inhibition of granzyme B and key necroptosis regulators RIP1, RIP3, and MLKL significantly attenuated the necrotic killing, revealing a novel NK cell cytotoxic pathway by granzyme-induced necroptosis that conferred target selectivity.

conclusionsOur results not only elucidate a new NK cell effector mechanism but also suggest that tissue microenvironment and oncogenic signaling pathways that promote membrane dynamics, e.g., Rac1 and Rho/ROCK, could be exploited to enhance proinflammatory NK cell killing.

Indexed as

Killer Cells, NaturalNecroptosisGranzymesHumansNecrosisrac1 GTP-Binding ProteinSignal TransductionGranzymesrac1 GTP-Binding ProteinRAC1 protein, humanCancer variabilityCytotoxic dynamicsMembrane dynamicsNatural killer cellNecroptosisNK-cancer cell interaction

Identifiers

PMID34325694
PMCPMC8323222
OpenAlexW3184789337

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.