ArticleJournal of health economics2021
Total shutdowns, targeted restrictions, or individual responsibility: How to promote social distancing in the COVID-19 Era?
Article in Journal of health economics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Clustering-based methodology for comparing multi-characteristic epidemiological dynamics with application to COVID-19 epidemiology in Europe.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Neural mechanisms of cognitive conflict: processing COVID-19 vaccine misinformation.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Assessing the utility of the COVID-19 epidemic Situations of Concern classification system in guiding operational responses to the pandemic in the WHO African region: retrospective analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Article
- Did text-based news-media coverage about the COVID-19 pandemic increase vaccine uptake? A population-based study in Alaska.International journal of circumpolar health · 2023Article
- Psychological and psychosocial determinants of COVID Health Related Behaviours (COHeRe): An evidence and gap map.Campbell systematic reviews · 2023Article
- Happiness predicts compliance with preventive health behaviours during Covid-19 lockdowns.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Applying Structural Equation Modelling to Understand the Implementation of Social Distancing in the Professional Lives of Healthcare Workers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Article
- Effect of a Park-Based Physical Activity Intervention on Psychological Wellbeing at the Time of COVID-19.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- A Gap between Relaxation of Government Quarantine Policy and Perceptions of COVID-19 among the General Public in Sports: Focusing on Vaccination Status.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- JUE insight: Demand for transportation and spatial pattern of economic activity during the pandemic.Journal of urban economics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We examine the impact of early state and local COVID-19 policies to encourage social distancing. Outcomes are daily foot traffic at establishments spanning ten key industries, across which transmission risk varies substantially. Policies include state of emergency declarations, blunt general restrictions such as stay-at-home (SAH) orders, and targeted rules such as restrictions on bars, restaurants, entertainment venues, and schools. Exploiting variation in the timing of policies in difference-in-difference models, we show that much of the decline in foot traffic early in the pandemic was due to private precautionary behavior. SAH orders explain almost none of the foot traffic decline in industries with high risk of virus transmission, but they do explain a substantial share of the decline in moderate- to low-risk industries such as outdoor sports and visits to parks. Targeted restrictions tend to impact intended industries, as well as complementary ones. We show that the impact of targeted restrictions is largest in counties with no SAH restrictions, suggesting that better targeting of public restrictions can have important efficiency gains.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.