Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34324989›Full record

ReviewInternational journal of pharmaceutics2021

Drug delivery to the anterior segment of the eye: A review of current and future treatment strategies.

Mohammad Mofidfar, Behnam Abdi, Samad Ahadian, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Tejal A Desai, Farhang Abbasi, Yang Sun, Edward E Manche, Christopher N Ta, Charles W Flowers

Open access · greenAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of pharmaceutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
72citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
7.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

72 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 160 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
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  4. Review
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  6. Article
  7. Therapeutic peptides and proteins: Status and developments in drug delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026
    Review
  8. 3D printed system usingInternational journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026
    Article
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  10. Article
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12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.

Mohammad MofidfarDepartment of Chemistry, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Behnam AbdiInstitute of Polymeric Materials (IPM), Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran.
Samad AhadianTerasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Ebrahim MostafaviDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, CA, USA.
Tejal A DesaiDepartment of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Farhang AbbasiInstitute of Polymeric Materials (IPM), Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran.
Yang SunByers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Electronic address: yangsun@stanford.edu.
Edward E MancheByers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Electronic address: cornea@stanford.edu.
Christopher N TaByers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Electronic address: cta@stanford.edu.
Charles W FlowersUSC Roski Eye Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: Charles.Flowers@med.usc.edu.
Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute · USSahand University of Technology · IRCardiovascular Institute of the South · USPalo Alto University · USTerasaki Foundation · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · USUniversity of Southern California · US

Funding

Stanford Vision Research CoreP30EY026877 · NEI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Jeffrey L Goldberg · 2017 to 2026
$8.0M
Multi-Disciplinary Training Program in Cardiovascular Imaging at StanfordT32EB009035 · NIBIB · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Koen Nieman, John M. Pauly · 2008 to 2026
$4.3M
Mechanisms of nanostructure-enhanced transepithelial drug deliveryR01EB018842 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI DESAI, TEJAL A. · 2014 to 2017
$1.4M
NEI NIH HHS P30 EY026877NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB018842NIBIB NIH HHS T32 EB009035
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Research in the development of ophthalmic drug formulations and innovative technologies over the past few decades has been directed at improving the penetration of medications delivered to the eye. Currently, approximately 90% of all ophthalmic drug formulations (e.g. liposomes, micelles) are applied as eye drops. The major challenge of topical eye drops is low bioavailability, need for frequent instillation due to the short half-life, poor drug solubility, and potential side effects. Recent research has been focused on improving topical drug delivery devices by increasing ocular residence time, overcoming physiological and anatomical barriers, and developing medical devices and drug formulations to increase the duration of action of the active drugs. Researchers have developed innovative technologies and formulations ranging from sub-micron to macroscopic size such as prodrugs, enhancers, mucus-penetrating particles (MPPs), therapeutic contact lenses, and collagen corneal shields. Another approach towards the development of effective topical drug delivery is embedding therapeutic formulations in microdevices designed for sustained release of the active drugs. The goal is to optimize the delivery of ophthalmic medications by achieving high drug concentration with prolonged duration of action that is convenient for patients to administer.

Indexed as

Drug Delivery SystemsProdrugsBiological AvailabilityEyeHumansOphthalmic SolutionsOphthalmic SolutionsProdrugsCornea-conjunctiva barrierFormulationsOcularOphthalmic drug-delivery

Identifiers

PMID34324989
PMCPMC8579814
OpenAlexW3183638498

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.