SynthesisNeuroscience and biobehavioral reviews2021
Characterizing change in vagal tone during the first three years of life: A systematic review and empirical examination across two longitudinal samples.
Synthesis in Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between parenting and child autonomic nervous system activity.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Testing a Developmental Cascade Model from Prenatal Maternal Emotion Dysregulation to Toddler Behavior Dysregulation Through Postnatal Parenting Stress and Infant Physiology.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Regulation of Stress Physiology Across Social Contexts in Preterm-Born Preschoolers.Psychophysiology · 2026Article
- Experience-dependent development of vagal circuitry in rodents and humans.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2026Review
- The typical and atypical development of dynamic self-regulation and coregulation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in mothers and children across early childhood.Child development · 2026Article
- Quantitative measures of autonomic cardiorespiratory maturation in preterm infants are associated with brain volumes at term age.Early human development · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Evaluation from Birth to Adolescence of Soy Protein-Based Infant Formula Compared with Cow Milk-Based Formula and Breastfeeding: A Comprehensive Summary of Findings.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Social Behavior Forecasts Moment-to-Moment Changes in RSA in Infants With Autism.Developmental science · 2026Article
- Early ingestive experience with a high-fat diet tunes satiation and nutrient-specific appetitive behaviors.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Development of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in Young Infants With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Preterm Birth, and Typical Development.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- The Influence of Neighborhood on Infant Parasympathetic Nervous System Development.Developmental psychobiology · 2025Article
- Do Infant Heart Rate Variability and Visual Attention Predict Autism and Concerns for ADHD?Journal of attention disorders · 2025Article
- Pubertal developmental, body mass index, and cardiovascular autonomic function in children and adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder: a four-time point accelerated longitudinal study.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2025Article
- Bidirectional Relations Among Maternal Positive Emotion, Infant Positive Emotionality, and Infant Physiological Regulation Across the First 18 Months of Life.Developmental psychobiology · 2024Article
- Prenatal tobacco, tobacco-cannabis coexposure, and child emotion regulation: The role of child autonomic functioning and sensitive parenting.Developmental psychology · 2024Article
- High resting heart rate protects against the intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior: a birth cohort study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Article
- Maternal invalidation and child RSA reactivity to frustration interact to predict teacher-reported aggression among at-risk preschoolers.Psychological medicine · 2023Article
- Vagal Flexibility Moderates the Links between Observed Sensitive Caregiving in Infancy and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Middle Childhood.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2023Article
- Examining transactional associations between maternal internalizing symptoms, infant negative emotionality, and infant respiratory sinus arrhythmia.Biological psychology · 2023Article
- Examining the Relations Between Children's Vagal Flexibility Across Social Stressor Tasks and Parent- and Clinician-Rated Anxiety Using Baseline Data from an Early Intervention for Inhibited Preschoolers.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Functioning of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), most often indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), influences the volitional, cognitively-mediated forms of self-regulation across development. However, despite its clear relevance to children's self-regulation, and its utility as a transdiagnostic biomarker of emotion dysregulation and psychopathology, the ontogeny of vagal tone under conditions of homeostasis across infancy and early childhood is not well understood. The current research is comprised of two complementary studies. The first aims to address this gap by conducting a systematic review of the literature which has assessed resting RSA in the first three years of life. The second study uses data from two diverse, longitudinal datasets (n = 203 and n = 370) to model change in RSA from infancy to toddlerhood. Results from a systematic review of 62 studies meeting inclusion criteria suggest that measures of resting RSA increase over time and demonstrate moderate stability across infancy, toddlerhood, and preschool ages. Results from a series of models fit to longitudinal data in study two suggest that baseline RSA is characterized by stable increases across infancy and early childhood. Moreover, although there was equivocal evidence for individual variability in trajectories of RSA, the findings suggest that the individual differences in resting RSA may become entrenched in early life based on observed significant variance in growth model intercepts. In all, the current study contributes to our understanding of the developmental trajectories of baseline RSA across infancy and early childhood and should support future research examining links between children's parasympathetic regulation and their adjustment in early life.
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