ReviewAdvanced drug delivery reviews2021
Strategies for controlling the innate immune activity of conventional and self-amplifying mRNA therapeutics: Getting the message across.
Review in Advanced drug delivery reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 136 citations in OpenAlex.
- The RNA structural code: orchestrating gene expression and enabling precision therapies.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Review
- mRNA Therapeutics Beyond Infectious Diseases: Expanding Therapeutic Applications and Future Perspectives.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Review
- Pulmonary Delivery of Self-Amplifying RNA: Balancing Inflammation and Durable Transgene Expression.ACS nano · 2026Article
- The current landscape of mRNA therapy and the strategies for mRNA purification and dsRNA removal.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- Self-amplifying mRNA vaccine cocktail against Staphylococcus aureus: A multi-epitope immunoinformatics and structural simulation framework.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Enhanced Intracellular Stability and Translation Efficiency of mRNA Drugs by a 2-arm mRNA Platform.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- In Vivo mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticle CAR-T Cell Engineering: Advances, Challenges, and Clinical Translation.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Engineering challenges and translational opportunities in emerging gene delivery platforms.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Review
- Cationic mRNA Lipid Nanoparticles for Ex Vivo NanoCAR-T Cell Engineering.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- An engineered linear cap-independent mRNA vaccine with intrinsic adjuvanticity induces potent anti-tumor immunity in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Engineered VPg saRNA achieves cap-independent, low-immunogenic and precise encoding of therapeutic proteins in vivo.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Poly(beta-amino esters): applications in immunology.Chemical science · 2026Review
- A Self-Amplifying RNA Lipid Nanoparticle (saRNA-LNP) Vaccine Provides Effective Protection Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Circular RNA therapeutics: a new class of long-acting RNA medicines for oncology, immunology, and rare diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA platforms for mucosal HIV vaccines: formulation advances, immune mechanisms, and translational pathways.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Convergence of mRNA technology and chimeric antigen receptor therapy: targeted technology optimizing targeted therapy.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Mannich reaction-based combinatorial libraries identify antioxidant ionizable lipids for mRNA delivery with reduced immunogenicity.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- RNA-based cancer vaccines: mechanisms, clinical progress, and translational challenges.Immunologic research · 2025Review
- Modified self-amplifying RNA mediates robust and prolonged gene expression in the mammalian brain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The recent approval of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic highlights the potential of both conventional mRNA and self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) as a flexible immunotherapy platform to treat infectious diseases. Besides the antigen it encodes, mRNA itself has an immune-stimulating activity that can contribute to vaccine efficacy. This self-adjuvant effect, however, will interfere with mRNA translation and may influence the desired therapeutic outcome. To further exploit its potential as a versatile therapeutic platform, it will be crucial to control mRNA's innate immune-stimulating properties. In this regard, we describe the mechanisms behind the innate immune recognition of mRNA and provide an extensive overview of strategies to control its innate immune-stimulating activity. These strategies range from modifications to the mRNA backbone itself, optimization of production and purification processes to the combination with innate immune inhibitors. Furthermore, we discuss the delicate balance of the self-adjuvant effect in mRNA vaccination strategies, which can be both beneficial and detrimental to the therapeutic outcome.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.