ArticleCell2021
The microbiota coordinates diurnal rhythms in innate immunity with the circadian clock.
Article in Cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 129 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
129 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 211 citations in OpenAlex.
- The modulatory role of short-chain fatty acids on peripheral circadian gene expression: a systematic review.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Pooled it
- Gut microbiota-regulated glutathione metabolic rhythms restore obesity-induced colonic inflammatory oscillations.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Circadian synchronization between diet and gut microbiota in modulating host's health.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- The gut microbiota directs vitamin A flux to regulate intestinal T cell development.Cell host & microbe · 2026Article
- Gut mucosal barrier: the frontline of bidirectional regulation of the gut-X axis.Medical review (2021) · 2026Review
- The Interactions Between Circadian Rhythm, Gut Microbiota, and Anxiety: From Mechanisms to Intervention Strategies.Nutrients · 2026Review
- The importance of meal timing for maintenance of daily rhythms in the gut transcriptome and microbiota.Npj biological timing and sleep · 2026Article
- Small intestine microbiota development prevents early-life adiposity via IL-22-mediated intestinal PPARα suppression.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Alteration of small intestinal microbiota in diet-induced steatohepatitis mice.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Gut Lactate Boosts Ruminococcus via Histone Lactylation to Mediate Time-Restricted Feeding Protection in Crohn's Disease.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Circadian Regulation of Gut Microbial Metabolites in Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis.Metabolites · 2026Review
- Circadian Clock Programming of Anticipatory Antiviral Immunity Gates Enteric Virus Infection Susceptibility.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Circadian Rhythm Disorder-Related Dysfunctions are Exacerbated by Aging and Ameliorated by Time-Restricted Feeding.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- Timekeepers of the gut: host circadian rhythms and microbial modulators.Life metabolism · 2026Review
- Antimicrobial peptides and proteins as rheostats of intestinal homeostasis and immunity.Current opinion in immunology · 2026Review
- Epithelial sensing of vitamin A shapes intestinal antimicrobial defense.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Circadian rhythms and microbiota: molecular crosstalk and its implications for health and disease.Biology direct · 2026Review
- By dawn or dusk-how circadian timing rewrites bacterial infection outcomes.FEBS letters · 2026Review
- Association between castration-induced changes in circadian body temperature rhythms and gut microbiome diversity in goats.Scientific reports · 2026Article
69 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Environmental light cycles entrain circadian feeding behaviors in animals that produce rhythms in exposure to foodborne bacteria. Here, we show that the intestinal microbiota generates diurnal rhythms in innate immunity that synchronize with feeding rhythms to anticipate microbial exposure. Rhythmic expression of antimicrobial proteins was driven by daily rhythms in epithelial attachment by segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), members of the mouse intestinal microbiota. Rhythmic SFB attachment was driven by the circadian clock through control of feeding rhythms. Mechanistically, rhythmic SFB attachment activated an immunological circuit involving group 3 innate lymphoid cells. This circuit triggered oscillations in epithelial STAT3 expression and activation that produced rhythmic antimicrobial protein expression and caused resistance to Salmonella Typhimurium infection to vary across the day-night cycle. Thus, host feeding rhythms synchronize with the microbiota to promote rhythms in intestinal innate immunity that anticipate exogenous microbial exposure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.