ReviewInfection2022
Waning antibody responses in COVID-19: what can we learn from the analysis of other coronaviruses?
Review in Infection, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Real-world effectiveness and factors associated with effectiveness of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.BMC medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Duration of effectiveness of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease: results of a systematic review and meta-regression.Lancet (London, England) · 2022Pooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity following a homologous booster dose of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine (NVX-CoV2373): a secondary analysis of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- COVID-19 infection prior to the onset of type 1 diabetes does not impair beta-cell function: a two-year nationwide follow-up study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Observational
- Effect of anti-S antibody titers on newly confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Korea: a community-based cohort study (K-SEROSMART Wave 2).BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Evaluating COVID-19 vaccination policy in Québec (Canada) using a data-driven dynamic transmission model.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Robust COVID-19 Vaccine Responses Despite Filarial Co-Infection: Insights from a Lymphatic Filariasis Cohort in Ghana.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies for a Year Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinations (BBV152 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19).Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics and booster vaccine effectiveness of the Omicron variant.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Correcting for Antibody Waning in Cumulative Incidence Estimation From Sequential Serosurveys.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Association between Gut Microbiota Composition and Long-Term Vaccine Immunogenicity following Three Doses of CoronaVac.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Article
- Responses to Common Misconceptions Relating to COVID-19 Variant-Adapted mRNA Vaccines.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous boost immunization with PastoCovac Plus against COVID-19 in ChAdOx1-S or BBIBP-CorV primed individuals.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Article
- ThNPJ vaccines · 2023Article
- Differential T-cell and antibody responses induced by mRNA versus adenoviral vectored COVID-19 vaccines in patients with immunodeficiencies.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2023Article
- Severity and Outcome of Post-Vaccine COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers in a University Hospital in India.Journal of medicine and life · 2023Article
- Levels of SARS-COV-2 anti-spike protein receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) IgG in Indonesian-vaccinated healthcare workers: experimental research.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2023Article
- A low dose of RBD and TLR7/8 agonist displayed on influenza virosome particles protects rhesus macaque against SARS-CoV-2 challenge.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic in March 2020. Due to the continuing surge in incidence and mortality globally, determining whether protective, long-term immunity develops after initial infection or vaccination has become critical. METHODS/
resultsIn this narrative review, we evaluate the latest understanding of antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and to other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the four endemic human coronaviruses) in order to predict the consequences of antibody waning on long-term immunity against SARS-CoV-2. We summarise their antibody dynamics, including the potential effects of cross-reactivity and antibody waning on vaccination and other public health strategies. At present, based on our comparison with other coronaviruses we estimate that natural antibody-mediated protection for SARS-CoV-2 is likely to last for 1-2 years and therefore, if vaccine-induced antibodies follow a similar course, booster doses may be required. However, other factors such as memory B- and T-cells and new viral strains will also affect the duration of both natural and vaccine-mediated immunity.
conclusionOverall, antibody titres required for protection are yet to be established and inaccuracies of serological methods may be affecting this. We expect that with standardisation of serological testing and studies with longer follow-up, the implications of antibody waning will become clearer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.