ReviewClinical neuroradiology2022
Glue, Onyx, Squid or PHIL? Liquid Embolic Agents for the Embolization of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations and Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas.
Review in Clinical neuroradiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Safety and efficacy of newer liquid embolic agents Squid and PHIL in endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences · 2026Pooled it
- Liquid embolic agents for middle meningeal artery embolization in chronic subdural hematoma: Institutional experience with systematic review and meta-analysis.Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences · 2026Pooled it
- Superselective anterior choroidal artery preoperative embolization of a giant choroid plexus carcinoma in an infant: case report and systematic review.Neuroradiology · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy and safety of N-butyl cyanoacrylate vs. Onyx in the treatment of arteriovenous malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurosurgical review · 2024Pooled it
- Traumatic middle meningeal arteriovenous fistulas (MMAVFs): an exploratory systematic review.Neurosurgical review · 2024Pooled it
- The role of procedural factors on the outcomes of embolization followed by radiosurgery for the treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations: systematic review and proportional meta-analyses.Acta neurochirurgica · 2024Pooled it
- Nonselective versus Selective Angioembolization for Trauma Patients with Pelvic Injuries Accompanied by Hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- Comparative study between surgical drainage alone and adjuvant middle meningeal artery embolization with Histoacryl for the treatment and prevention of chronic subdural hematoma recurrence.Neuroradiology · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Prospective evaluation of uterine artery embolization using diluted NBCA-lipiodol mixture for uterine fibroids: preliminary treatment outcomes.CVIR endovascular · 2026Article
- Safety and Efficacy of Vascular Embolization with N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate-Lipiodol Mixture: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of 8996 Patients.Cardiovascular and interventional radiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Gyral hypointensity on SWI as a marker of reversible venous congestion in intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas.Neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Endovascular Embolization in Neurovascular Disease: Material Science, Multimodal Management, and Future Horizons.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Prostatic Artery Embolization Using Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH): Efficacy, Safety and Clinical Impact of Liquid Embolic Penetration.Cardiovascular and interventional radiology · 2026Article
- Successful Treatment of a Scalp Arteriovenous Fistula Using ihtObtura: A Novel Liquid Embolic Agent.Neurointervention · 2026Article
- Outcomes of Onyx embolisation as primary treatment for intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas over the past two decades.Stroke and vascular neurology · 2026Article
- Evolving strategies in pulmonary arteriovenous malformation embolization.CVIR endovascular · 2026Review
- Direct venous-to-arterial communication as a novel mechanism for ectopic embolism following esophageal variceal embolization: A case report.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Article
- Plug-and-Push Embolisation of a Tentorial Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Using Squid-18 and Squid-12.Cureus · 2026Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEndovascular embolization is an effective treatment option for cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs). A variety of liquid embolic agents have been and are currently used for embolization of AVMs and DAVFs. Knowledge of the special properties of the agent which is used is crucial for an effective and safe embolization procedure. MATERIAL AND
methodsThis article describes the properties and indications of the liquid embolic agents which are currently available: cyanoacrylates (also called glues), and the copolymers Onyx, Squid and PHIL, as well as their respective subtypes.
resultsCyanoacrylates were the predominantly used agents in the 1980s and 1990s. They are currently still used in specific situations, for example for the occlusion of macro-shunts, for the pressure cooker technique or in cases in which microcatheters are used that are not compatible with dimethyl-sulfoxide. The first broadly used copolymer-based embolic agent Onyx benefits from a large amount of available experience and data, which demonstrated its safety and efficacy in the treatment of cerebral vascular malformations, while its drawbacks include temporary loss of visibility during longer injections and artifacts in cross-sectional imaging. The more recently introduced agents Squid and PHIL aim to overcome these shortcomings and to improve the success rate of endovascular embolization. Novelties of these newer agents with potential advantages include extra-low viscosity versions, more stable visibility, and a lower degree of imaging artifacts.
conclusionAll the available liquid embolic agents feature specific potential advantages and disadvantages over each other. The choice of the most appropriate embolic agent must be made based on the specific material characteristics of the agent, related to the specific anatomical characteristics of the target pathology.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.