SynthesisInternational journal of clinical practice2021
The role of vitamin D in the age of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in International journal of clinical practice, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Micronutrients, Vitamin D, and Inflammatory Biomarkers in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Causal Inference Studies.Nutrition reviews · 2025Pooled it
- The effect of macronutrient and micronutrient supplements on COVID-19: an umbrella review.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Risk Factors Associated with Severity and Death from COVID-19 in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study.Journal of intensive care medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Attitudes and beliefs regarding the use of herbs and supplementary medications with COVID-19: A systematic review.Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP · 2023Pooled it
- Vitamin D Deficiency and Comorbidities as Risk Factors of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2022Pooled it
- Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Serum Vitamin D Levels in People Under Age 18 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2022Pooled it
- Vitamin D and SARS-CoV2 infection, severity and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- The role of vitamin D in the age of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of clinical practice · 2021Pooled it
- Evidence for the Efficacy of a High Dose of Vitamin D on the Hyperinflammation State in Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent COVID-19 in Frontline Healthcare Workers. A Randomized Clinical Trial.Archives of medical research · 2022Trial
- Vitamin D and COVID-19: Inmunomodulatory Effects and the Mexican Public Health Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Vitamins impacting mental/physical well-being during viral pandemics: a mechanistic review based on COVID-19: a comprehensive review.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Vitamin D as an Adjuvant Immune Enhancer to SARS-Cov-2 Vaccine.Current microbiology · 2025Article
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- Evaluation the level of vitamin D and its relationship with clinical symptoms in patients with COVID-19 referred to the medical center in Bam city.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2024Article
- Neuroimmunological Effect of Vitamin D on Neuropsychiatric Long COVID Syndrome: A Review.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Respiratory Tract Infections and COVID-19 in Children.Nutrients · 2023Review
- Expression ofFuture virology · 2023Article
- The Role of Diet and Specific Nutrients during the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Have We Learned over the Last Three Years?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors at 9 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEvidence recommends that vitamin D might be a crucial supportive agent for the immune system, mainly in cytokine response regulation against COVID-19. Hence, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to maximise the use of everything that exists about the role of vitamin D in the COVID-19.
methodsA systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science up to December 18, 2020. Studies focused on the role of vitamin D in confirmed COVID-19 patients were entered into the systematic review.
resultsTwenty-three studies containing 11 901 participants entered into the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis indicated that 41% of COVID-19 patients were suffering from vitamin D deficiency (95% CI, 29%-55%), and in 42% of patients, levels of vitamin D were insufficient (95% CI, 24%-63%). The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was 20.3 ng/mL among all COVID-19 patients (95% CI, 12.1-19.8). The odds of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 are 3.3 times higher among individuals with vitamin D deficiency (95% CI, 2.5-4.3). The chance of developing severe COVID-19 is about five times higher in patients with vitamin D deficiency (OR: 5.1, 95% CI, 2.6-10.3). There is no significant association between vitamin D status and higher mortality rates (OR: 1.6, 95% CI, 0.5-4.4).
conclusionThis study found that most of the COVID-19 patients were suffering from vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency. Also, there is about three times higher chance of getting infected with SARS-CoV-2 among vitamin-D-deficient individuals and about five times higher probability of developing the severe disease in vitamin-D-deficient patients. Vitamin D deficiency showed no significant association with mortality rates in this population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.