ReviewBreast cancer research and treatment2021
Breast cancer resistance mechanisms: challenges to immunotherapy.
Review in Breast cancer research and treatment, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Results of a phase 1/2 study of sacituzumab tirumotecan in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic solid tumors refractory to standard therapies.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Trial
- Harnessing immunity against breast cancer: from checkpoints to cell therapies.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- CK2 in triple-negative breast cancer: oncogenic signaling networks and emerging CK2 inhibitor-based combination therapies.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Multidimensional single-cell analysis of the molecular characteristics and functional pathways of Regulatory T cells in the microenvironment of HR+ breast cancer.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Tumor-Intrinsic PD-1 Regulatory Network Drives Lapatinib Resistance in HER2⁺ Breast Cancer: An Integrative Bioinformatics Analysis.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2026Article
- Circular RNAs in tumor immunity and immunotherapy of breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Engineering spherical nucleic acids for precision cancer therapy: design strategies and medical applications.Theranostics · 2026Review
- Neutrophils matter: new clinical insights on their role in the progression of metastatic breast cancer.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Akt inhibition enhances the antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint blockades and radiotherapy in a syngeneic breast cancer model.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2025Article
- Monitoring systemic immune responses to checkpoint inhibition in breast cancer reveals host responses and mechanisms of resistance.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- BNIP3 is a key driver of breast cancer progression and a novel glycolysis-regulating biomarker.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Reprogramming the breast tumor immune microenvironment: cold-to-hot transition for enhanced immunotherapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Review
- Pan-cancer analysis reveals ELFN1 as a novel prognostic biomarker and immunotherapeutic target associated with tumor microenvironment remodeling and promoting malignant phenotypes in colorectal cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- The new era of immunotherapy for breast cancer: challenges and coping strategies of CAR-T cell therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout strategies for enhancing immunotherapy in breast cancer.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2024Review
- Tumor-intrinsic CDC42BPB confers resistance to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade in breast cancer.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Pathomic model based on histopathological features and machine learning to predict IDO1 status and its association with breast cancer prognosis.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2024Article
- Targeting Neoantigens in Cancer: Possibilities and Opportunities in Breast Cancer.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Host-derived Interleukin 1α induces an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment via regulating monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe clinical implementation of immunotherapy has profoundly transformed cancer treatment. Targeting the immune system to mount anti-tumor responses can elicit a systemically durable response. Employing immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has suppressed tumor growth and vastly improved patient overall and progression-free survival in several cancer types, most notably melanoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Despite widescale clinical success, ICB response is heterogeneously efficacious across tumor types. Many cancers, including breast cancer, are frequently refractory to ICB. In this review, we will discuss the challenges facing immunotherapy success and address the underlying mechanisms responsible for primary and acquired breast cancer resistance to immunotherapy.
findingsEven in initially ICB-responsive tumors, many acquire resistance due to tumor-specific alterations, loss of tumor-specific antigens, and extrinsic mechanisms that reshape the immune landscape within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The tumor immune interaction circumvents the benefits of immunotherapy; tumors rewire the tumor-suppressive functions of activated immune cells within their stroma to propagate tumor growth and progression.
conclusionsThe breast cancer immune TME is complex and the mechanisms driving resistance to ICB are multifaceted. Continued study in both preclinical models and clinical trials should help elucidate these mechanisms so they can be targeted to benefit more breast cancer patients.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.