Trial reportScientific reports2021
Effects of prolonged use of virtual reality smartphone-based head-mounted display on visual parameters: a randomised controlled trial.
Trial report in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Virtual reality head-mounted display game for intermittent exotropia in a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- NEIVATECH pilot study: immersive virtual reality training in older amblyopic children with non-compliance or non-response to patching.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Tunable holographic metasurfaces for augmented and virtual reality.Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Workflow for the Creation of 3D Stereoscopic Models of Supra- and Infratentorial Brain Venous Anatomy and their Integration in a Virtual Reality Environment.Neuroinformatics · 2025Article
- Time-course observation of tear film dynamics during VR headset use.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Transforming language research from classic desktops to virtual environments.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Extended reality technologies in adult basic life support education: A scoping review.Resuscitation plus · 2025Review
- Effects of regular spectacle wear on binocular accommodative function in myopic adults with dry eye disease.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Individual Variations in Vergence and Accommodation Responses Following Virtual Reality Gameplay.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- An Innovative Virtual Reality System for Measuring Refractive Error.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- [Simulators and other tools in orthopedic-trauma surgery training].Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2023Review
- IMI-The Dynamic Choroid: New Insights, Challenges, and Potential Significance for Human Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Review
- Spotlight on Digital Eye Strain.Clinical optometry · 2023Review
- Binocular fusion disorders impair basic visual processing.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Assessment of Choroidal Vascularity and Choriocapillaris Blood Perfusion After Accommodation in Myopia, Emmetropia, and Hyperopia Groups Among Children.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Exploration of virtual reality applications in myopia: A systematic review.Advances in ophthalmology practice and researchReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We investigated the effects of using a virtual reality smartphone-based head-mounted display (VR SHMD) device for 2 h on visual parameters. Fifty-eight healthy volunteers were recruited. The participants played games using VR SHMD or smartphones for 2 h on different days. Visual parameters including refraction, accommodation, convergence, stereopsis, and ocular alignment and measured choroidal thickness before and after the use of VR SHMD or smartphones were investigated. Subjective symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. We analyzed the differences in visual parameters before and after the use of VR SHMD or smartphones and correlations between baseline visual parameters and those after the use of the devices. Significant changes were observed in near-point convergence and accommodation, exophoric deviation, stereopsis, and accommodative lag after the use of VR SHMD but not after that of smartphones. The subjective discomfort associated with dry eye and neurologic symptoms were more severe in the VR group than in the smartphone group. There were no significant changes in refraction and choroidal thickness after the use of either of the two devices. The poorer the participants' accommodation and convergence ability the greater the resistance to changes in these visual parameters, and participants with a large exophoria were more prone to worsening of exophoria than those with a small exophoria.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.