Observational studyAnnals of epidemiology2022
Increasing concentration of COVID-19 by socioeconomic determinants and geography in Toronto, Canada: an observational study.
Observational study in Annals of epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Factors impacting long-term care and retirement home populations' participation in immunity research: a qualitative study using the framework method.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- A Canadian multi-province study of COVID-19 vaccine coverage along area-level social determinants in 2021.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- The mediating role of SARS-CoV-2 variants between income and hospitalization due to COVID-19: a period-based mediation analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Building Responsive Intersectoral Initiatives for Newcomers in Toronto: Learning from Service Providers' Experiences in the Context of COVID‑19.Annals of global health · 2025Article
- Article
- Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among essential workers in long term care and retirement homes in Ontario, Canada: A descriptive cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- The association of combinations of social factors and SARs-CoV-2 infection: A retrospective population-based cohort study in Ontario, 2020-2021.Dialogues in health · 2024Article
- Social epidemiology of urban COVID-19 inequalities in Latin America and Canada.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Quantifying the magnitude of the general contextual effect in a multilevel study of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Ontario, Canada: application of the median rate ratio in population health research.Population health metrics · 2024Observational
- Canada's provincial COVID-19 pandemic modelling efforts: A review of mathematical models and their impacts on the responses.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2024Review
- Social determinants of health and incident postoperative delirium: Exploring key relationships in the SAGES study.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2024Article
- A command centre implementation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a community hospital.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2024Article
- Mobility changes following COVID-19 stay-at-home policies varied by socioeconomic measures: An observational study in Ontario, Canada.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Stigma and fear during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study on the perceptions of healthcare workers in Canada and Singapore.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Is Associated With Reduced Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing in Older Adults With Confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A Population-Wide Cohort Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Learning from intersectoral initiatives to respond to the needs of refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants without status in the context of COVID-19 in Quebec and Ontario: a qualitative multiple case study protocol.Health research policy and systems · 2023Article
- Are at-risk sociodemographic attributes stable across COVID-19 transmission waves?Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology · 2023Article
- Differential Patterns by Area-Level Social Determinants of Health in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Related Mortality and Non-COVID-19 Mortality: A Population-Based Study of 11.8 Million People in Ontario, Canada.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Observational
- Comparison of socio-economic determinants of COVID-19 testing and positivity in Canada: A multi-provincial analysis.PloS one · 2023Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInequities in the burden of COVID-19 were observed early in Canada and around the world, suggesting economically marginalized communities faced disproportionate risks. However, there has been limited systematic assessment of how heterogeneity in risks has evolved in large urban centers over time. PURPOSE: To address this gap, we quantified the magnitude of risk heterogeneity in Toronto, Ontario from January to November 2020 using a retrospective, population-based observational study using surveillance data.
methodsWe generated epidemic curves by social determinants of health (SDOH) and crude Lorenz curves by neighbourhoods to visualize inequities in the distribution of COVID-19 and estimated Gini coefficients. We examined the correlation between SDOH using Pearson-correlation coefficients.
resultsGini coefficient of cumulative cases by population size was 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI]:0.36-0.47) and estimated for: household income (0.20, 95%CI: 0.14-0.28); visible minority (0.21, 95%CI:0.16-0.28); recent immigration (0.12, 95%CI:0.09-0.16); suitable housing (0.21, 95%CI:0.14-0.30); multigenerational households (0.19, 95%CI:0.15-0.23); and essential workers (0.28, 95%CI:0.23-0.34).
conclusionsThere was rapid epidemiologic transition from higher- to lower-income neighborhoods with Lorenz curve transitioning from below to above the line of equality across SDOH. Moving forward necessitates integrating programs and policies addressing socioeconomic inequities and structural racism into COVID-19 prevention and vaccination programs.
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Registered trials
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