Observational studyJournal of the National Cancer Institute2022
Cost-Sharing and Out-of-Pocket Cost for Women Who Received MRI for Breast Cancer Screening.
Observational study in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dense Breast Legislation and Supplemental Breast Imaging Among Women Undergoing Mammography.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Surgical Perspective on the Updated American College of Radiology Supplemental Screening Guidelines for Breast Density.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Article
- Magnetic resonance imaging in breast cancer management: current applications, limitations, and future directions.Translational breast cancer research : a journal focusing on translational research in breast cancer · 2026Review
- Added Value of Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) or Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as Part of the "Triple Test" to Assess Palpable Abnormalities on a Breast Exam With Negative Imaging Findings.Annals of surgical oncology · 2025Article
- Breast imaging recommendations for young females (age < 40 years) with ≥ 20% lifetime breast cancer risk: practice patterns at a specialized clinic.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2025Article
- Commercial prices and their influence on urology practices: Prostate cancer care among men with Medicare.Cancer · 2025Article
- Barriers and facilitators to breast cancer screening among high-risk women: a qualitative study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2025Article
- Impact of skin tone on target size detectability in photoacoustic breast imaging.Biophotonics discovery · 2024Article
- Patterns and Predictors of Referral for Screening Breast MRI: A Mixed-Methods Study.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2024Article
- Using the Translational Science Benefits Model to assess the impact of the Penn Implementation Science Center in Cancer Control.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2024Article
- Protocol for a pragmatic stepped wedge cluster randomized clinical trial testing behavioral economic implementation strategies to increase supplemental breast MRI screening among patients with extremely dense breasts.Implementation science : IS · 2023Article
- Self-reported barriers to screening breast MRI among women at high risk for breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2023Article
- Longitudinal adherence to breast cancer surveillance following cancer genetic testing in an integrated health care system.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2023Article
- Predictors of nonadherence to breast cancer screening guidelines in a United States urban comprehensive cancer center.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Head-to-head comparison of perfluorobutane contrast-enhanced US and multiparametric MRI for breast cancer: a prospective, multicenter study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2023Article
- Health Economics Research in Cancer Screening: Research Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions.Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs · 2022Review
- Downstream Mammary and Extramammary Cascade Services and Spending Following Screening Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging vs Mammography Among Commercially Insured Women.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- American Cancer Society's Report on the Status of Cancer Disparities in the United States, 2025.CA: a cancer journal for cliniciansArticle
- Patient perspective: Is intensive screening of women at high risk of breast cancer evidence-based medicine orWomen's health (London, England)Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on byBeyond the2022
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe financial protection of the prevention provision of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) doesn't apply to breast MRI but only to mammography for breast cancer screening. The purpose of the study is to examine the financial burden among women who received breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for screening.
methodsThis observational study used the Marketscan database. Women who underwent breast MRI between 2009 and 2017 and had screening mammography within 6 months of the MRI were included. We compared the time trend of the proportion of zero cost-share for women undergoing screening mammography and that for MRI. We quantified out-of-pocket (OOP) costs as the sum of copayment, coinsurance, and deductible and defined zero cost-share as having no OOP cost. We conducted multivariable logistic regression and 2-part model to examine factors associated with zero cost-share and OOP costs of MRI, respectively.
resultsDuring the study period, 16 341 women had a screening breast MRI. The proportion of screening MRI claims with zero cost-share decreased from 43.1% (2009) to 26.2% (2017). The adjusted mean OOP cost for women in high-deductible plans was more than twice the cost for their counterparts ($549 vs $251; 2-sided P < .001). Women who resided in the South in the post-Affordable Care Act era were less likely to have zero cost-share and paid higher OOP costs for screening MRI.
conclusionsMany women are subject to high financial burden when receiving MRI for breast cancer screening. Those enrolled in high-deductible plans and who reside in the South are especially vulnerable financially.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.