ArticleCancer gene therapy2022
Cytokine-enhanced cytolytic activity of exosomes from NK Cells.
Article in Cancer gene therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Promising Immunotherapeutic Strategy for Cancer: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Demonstrate Potent Antitumor Activity Against Human Glioblastoma In Vitro and In Vivo.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Research Advances on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Anti-Graft-Versus-Host Disease Therapy: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Future Prospects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- NK-cell-derived exosomes exert antitumor potency via miR-140/XYLT1/HSPG2 axis.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2026Article
- Look Who Is Talking: Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Intercellular and Interorgan Communication.Comprehensive Physiology · 2026Review
- Review
- Genetically bio-engineered PD-L1 targeted exosomes for immunotherapy of resistant triple negative breast cancer.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- iPSC-derived CAR-NK extracellular vesicles for non-small cell lung cancer: evidence, engineering, and translational barriers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Exosomal transfer of miR-124 from engineered NK-92 cells inhibits breast cancer cell migration and induces apoptosis.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Article
- Bioengineered Extracellular Vesicles in Emerging Cancer Vaccine Platforms.Small science · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicle microRNAs in the Crosstalk Between Cancer Cells and Natural Killer (NK) Cells.Cells · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles: biogenesis mechanism and impacts on tumor immune microenvironment.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Review
- Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles in natural killer cell immune evasion: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic insights.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- NK-derived exosomes in anti-tumor strategies.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Anti-Her2 CAR-NK92 Cells and Their Exosomes: Generation, Characterization, and Selective Cytotoxicity Against Her2-Positive Tumor Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Surface-Engineered Natural Killer Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Induce Potent Anti-Tumour Effects in Lung Cancer Cells.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- IPSC‑derived NK cells for immunotherapy and therapeutic perspective (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Targeting cancer stem cells with CAR-based immunotherapy: biology, evidence, and future directions.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play key roles in immune surveillance against tumors and viral infection. NK cells distinguish abnormal cells from healthy cells by cell-cell interaction with cell surface proteins and then attack target cells via multiple mechanisms. In addition, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from NK cells (NK-EVs), including exosomes, possess cytotoxic capacity against tumor cells, but their characteristics and regulation by cytokines remain unknown. Here, we report that EVs derived from human NK-92 cells stimulated with IL-15 + IL-21 show enhanced cytotoxic capacity against tumor cells. Major cytolytic granules, granzyme B and granzyme H, are enriched by IL-15 + IL-21 stimulation in NK-EVs; however, knockout experiments reveal those cytolytic granules are independent of enhanced cytotoxic capacity. To find out the key molecules, mass spectrometry analyses were performed with different cytokine conditions, no cytokine, IL-15, IL-21, or IL-15 + IL-21. We then found that CD226 (DNAM-1) on NK-EVs is enriched by IL-15 + IL-21 stimulation and that blocking antibodies against CD226 reduced the cytolytic activity of NK-EVs. We also show NK-EVs are taken up by target cells via macropinocytosis. Collectively, our findings elucidate the novel properties of NK-EVs and the mechanism of their incorporation into target cells.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.