ArticleScientific reports2021
Lower peripheral blood Toll-like receptor 3 expression is associated with an unfavorable outcome in severe COVID-19 patients.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Toll-like receptors polymorphisms and COVID-19: a systematic review.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Pooled it
- Heat-inactivated Bacillus spores attenuate poly I:C-induced lung inflammation and microbiome alterations through modulation of host immune responses.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The emerging role of TLR7-mediated signaling in respiratory viral infections and autoimmune diseases.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Review
- Immune cell interactions and lung damage in SARS-CoV-2 special attention on monocytes/macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and Toll-like receptors in SARS-CoV-2.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Review
- Revisiting the monocrotaline-treated rat as a model of inflammatory lung disease: COVID-19 and future pandemic threats?Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Expression and Activation in COVID-19 and Long COVID: From SARS-CoV-2 Escape Mechanisms to Emerging PRR-Targeted Immunotherapies.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Review
- Cytosolic nucleic acid sensing as driver of critical illness: mechanisms and advances in therapy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- The innate immune response in SARS-CoV2 infection: focus on toll-like receptor 4 in severe disease outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Severe alcohol use and COVID-19: implications for physical and mental health.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
- Role of toll-like receptors in post-COVID-19 associated neurodegenerative disorders?Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Unraveled role of TLR7-mediated interferon signaling activation in COVID-19.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Immune Stimulation with Imiquimod to Best Face SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Prevent Long COVID.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Innate Immunity in Protection and Pathogenesis During Coronavirus Infections and COVID-19.Annual review of immunology · 2024Review
- Arsenic album 30C exhibits crystalline nano structure of arsenic trioxide and modulates innate immune markers in murine macrophage cell lines.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Intracellular peptides in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.iScience · 2023Article
- Mining the potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19 infection in patients with severe burn injuries via bioinformatics analysis.International wound journal · 2023Article
- TLRs: Innate Immune Sentries against SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Altered expression of DNA methyltransferases and methylation status of the TLR4 and TNF-α promoters in COVID-19.Archives of virology · 2023Article
- Predictive markers related to local and systemic inflammation in severe COVID-19-associated ARDS: a prospective single-center analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The role of innate immunity in COVID-19 is not completely understood. Therefore, this study explored the impact of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on the expression of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in peripheral blood cells and their correlated cytokines. Seventy-nine patients with severe COVID-19 on admission, according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification, were divided into two groups: patients who needed mechanical ventilation and/or deceased (SEVERE, n = 50) and patients who used supplementary oxygen but not mechanical ventilation and survived (MILD, n = 29); a control group (CONTROL, n = 17) was also enrolled. In the peripheral blood, gene expression (mRNA) of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9, retinoic-acid inducible gene I (RIGI), NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), interferon alpha (IFN-α), interferon beta (IFN-β), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interferon lambda (IFN-λ), pro-interleukin(IL)-1β (pro-IL-1β), and IL-18 was determined on admission, between 5-9 days, and between 10-15 days. Circulating cytokines in plasma were also measured. When compared to the COVID-19 MILD group, the COVID-19 SEVERE group had lower expression of TLR3 and overexpression of TLR4.
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