ArticleNature communications2021
Impact of tiered restrictions on human activities and the epidemiology of the second wave of COVID-19 in Italy.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of school-based mitigation measures on the transmission of respiratory pathogens: the case of SARS-CoV-2.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Implications for distancing measures on in-person school and work attendance from Italian post-pandemic social contact data.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic determinants of protective behaviors and contact patterns in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era: A cross-sectional study in Italy.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Estimating behavioural relaxation induced by COVID-19 vaccines in the first months of their rollout.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 transmission and its effect on life expectancy in two European regions.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Impact of tiered restrictions in December 2020 on COVID-19 hospitalisations in England: a synthetic control study.BMJ open · 2025Observational
- Is a tiered restrictions system an effective intervention for COVID-19 control? Results from Portugal, November-December 2020.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The impact of spatial connectivity on NPIs effectiveness.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Effects of COVID-19-targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions on pediatric emergency department use: a quasi-experimental study interrupted time-series analysis in North Italian hospitals, 2017 to 2022.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Effects of COVID-19-targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions on pediatric hospital admissions in North Italian hospitals, 2017 to 2022: a quasi-experimental study interrupted time-series analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Real-time estimation of the effective reproduction number of COVID-19 from behavioral data.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Covid-19 Occupational Risk Incidence and Working Sectors Involved During the Pandemic in Italy.Safety and health at work · 2023Article
- Heterogeneous changes in mobility in response to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 outbreak in Shanghai.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Impact of tiered measures on social contact and mixing patterns of in Italy during the second wave of COVID-19.BMC public health · 2023Article
- The role of the California tier system in controlling population mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Dining-Out Behavior as a Proxy for the Superspreading Potential of SARS-CoV-2 Infections: Modeling Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spread and area economic disadvantage in the italian three-tier restrictions: a multilevel approach.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Article
- Wastewater-based epidemiology approach: The learning lessons from COVID-19 pandemic and the development of novel guidelines for future pandemics.Chemosphere · 2023Article
- Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions in nine fields of activity to decrease SARS-CoV-2 transmission (Spain, September 2020-May 2021).Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To counter the second COVID-19 wave in autumn 2020, the Italian government introduced a system of physical distancing measures organized in progressively restrictive tiers (coded as yellow, orange, and red) imposed on a regional basis according to real-time epidemiological risk assessments. We leverage the data from the Italian COVID-19 integrated surveillance system and publicly available mobility data to evaluate the impact of the three-tiered regional restriction system on human activities, SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility and hospitalization burden in Italy. The individuals' attendance to locations outside the residential settings was progressively reduced with tiers, but less than during the national lockdown against the first COVID-19 wave in the spring. The reproduction number R(t) decreased below the epidemic threshold in 85 out of 107 provinces after the introduction of the tier system, reaching average values of about 0.95-1.02 in the yellow tier, 0.80-0.93 in the orange tier and 0.74-0.83 in the red tier. We estimate that the reduced transmissibility resulted in averting about 36% of the hospitalizations between November 6 and November 25, 2020. These results are instrumental to inform public health efforts aimed at preventing future resurgence of cases.
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