ArticleThe Clinical neuropsychologist2022
Co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety disorders differentially affect males and females with autism.
Article in The Clinical neuropsychologist, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preservation of Higher-Order Cognition in Autistic Females: Evidence from Two Deeply-Phenotyped Cohorts in Hong Kong and the United States.Research square · 2026Article
- Mitigating Sex-Related Biases to Elucidate the Autism Phenotype.Biological psychiatry · 2026Review
- Initial diagnosis patterns of coexisting mental health and neurodevelopmental conditions in autistic children and youth: Evidence from a nationally representative sample in Canada.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- Frequency and Mental Health Condition of Students with Developmental Disabilities Among First-Year Japanese University Students: A Cross-Sectional Survey.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Delayed Milestones and Demographic Factors Relate to the Accuracy of Autism Screening in Females Using Spoken Language.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Impact of ADHD Coexistence on Internet Addiction Symptoms in Children with ASD: Effects of Family- and School-Related Factors and Sex Differences.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Sex-Differential Trajectories of Domain-Specific Associations Between Autistic Traits and Co-Occurring Emotional-Behavioral Concerns in Autistic Children.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Fewer children with autism spectrum disorder with motor challenges receive physical and recreational therapies compared to standard therapies: A SPARK data set analysis.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2024Article
- Pragmatic language and associations with externalizing behaviors in autistic individuals and those who have lost the autism diagnosis.Research in autism spectrum disorders · 2023Article
- Sex Differences in Autism: Examining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Children and Adolescents Enrolled in a National ASD Cohort.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2023Article
- Sleep problems in autism: Sex differences in the school-age population.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine overlap and divergence of symptomatology in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) with and without co-occurring Attention/Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and/or Anxiety Disorder by age and sex.
methodParticipants included 25,078 individuals registered in the SPARK cohort, age 6-18 years. SPARK participation includes online consent and registration, as well as parent-reported ASD, ADHD, and Anxiety Disorder diagnoses, developmental, medical, and intervention history, and standardized rating scales. Individuals with ASD, ASD + ADHD, ASD + Anxiety, or ASD + ADHD + Anxiety were compared on measures assessing social communication, restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs), and motor functioning, and differences between male and female profiles were examined.
resultsSignificant differences in symptom presentation between females/males, school-age/adolescent individuals, and by co-occurring conditions (ASD/ADHD/Anxiety) are apparent, and the impact of co-occurring conditions differed by age and sex. Most notably, school-age femaleswith ASD without co-occurring conditions present with significantly fewer concerns about social communication skills and have better motor skills, but have more prominent RRBs as compared to same-aged males with ASD alone; co-occurring conditions were associated with increased social communication problems and motor concerns, most consistently for school-age females.
conclusionsSchool-age females with ASD are at highest risk for underestimation of autism-related symptoms, including underestimation of symptoms beyond core ASD features (motor skills). Further, across ages, particular consideration should be given when probing for social communication symptoms, RRBs, and motor skills in females with ASD alone, as well as with co-occurring ADHD and/or Anxiety. For females with co-occurring symptoms and conditions, use of symptom-specific measures in lieu of omnibus measures should be considered.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.