Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34315263›Full record

ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2021

The skin crawls, the stomach turns: ectoparasites and pathogens elicit distinct defensive responses in humans.

Tom R Kupfer, Daniel M T Fessler, Bozhi Wu, Tiffany Hwang, Adam Maxwell Sparks, Sonia Alas, Theodore Samore, Vedika Lal, Tanvi P Sakhamuru, Colin Holbrook

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
1.2field-weighted citation impact, top 24% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Evaluating the Presence of Disgust in Animals.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.

Tom R KupferDepartment of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
Daniel M T FesslerDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Bozhi WuDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Tiffany HwangDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Adam Maxwell SparksDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Sonia AlasDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Theodore SamoreDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Vedika LalDepartment of Social and Organizational Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Tanvi P SakhamuruDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Colin HolbrookDepartment of Cognitive and Information Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
University of California, Los Angeles · USBrigham and Women's Hospital · USNottingham Trent University · GBUniversity of California, Merced · USVrije Universiteit Amsterdam · NL

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Disgust has long been viewed as a primary motivator of defensive responses to threats posed by both microscopic pathogens and macroscopic ectoparasites. Although disgust can defend effectively against pathogens encountered through ingestion or incidental contact, it offers limited protection against ectoparasites, which actively pursue a host and attach to its surface. Humans might, therefore, possess a distinct ectoparasite defence system-including cutaneous sensory mechanisms and grooming behaviours-functionally suited to guard the body's surface. In two US studies and one in China, participants (

Indexed as

Ectoparasitic InfestationsParasitesAnimalsChinaHumansSkinStomachbehavioural immune systemdisgustectoparasitesgroomingpathogens

Identifiers

PMID34315263
PMCPMC8316796
OpenAlexW3184428718

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.