ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2022
Mucosal vaccines - fortifying the frontiers.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 435 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
435 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 693 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immunity and vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and post-vaccination severity: a systematic review.Immunologic research · 2024Pooled it
- Safety and Immunogenicity of aerosolized adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine and intramuscular mRNA vaccine bivalent boosters: a randomized open-label clinical trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Mucosal immunization with an adenoviral vector expressing a prefusogenic F protein protects the upper and lower respiratory tracts of cotton rats against live respiratory syncytial virus challenge.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Respiratory mucosal immunity: Biological functions, diseases, prevention and therapy.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Niche-specific immune and microbial signatures across the healthy upper respiratory tract mucosa.iScience · 2026Article
- Highly efficient intranasal H5N1 vaccine based on a safe vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vector.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Intranasal Adenoviral Vector Vaccination Induces Durable Antibody and T Cell Responses in the Respiratory Tract.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Development of an inactivated, oral immunogenic product against post-weaning colibacillosis caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in piglets.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- From injection to inhalation: A STING-activating mucosal adjuvant reprograms vaccination.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Article
- Mucosal immunity: mechanism and application in cancer immunotherapy.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Respiratory mucosal vaccines for emerging viruses: promise and challenges.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Article
- Design of a live-attenuated bacterial vaccine using effector network engineering.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Spiky mesoporous silica-based nanovaccines enhance mucosal immunity with improved intestinal retention and antigen accessibility.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Bacterial mRNA Vaccines: Programming Immunity Against Antimicrobial Resistance.Drug development research · 2026Review
- Human primary antibody response to vaccination follows a partially sequential class-switching program with a checkpoint at IGHG2.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Hybrid Mucointeractive Delivery Systems-Alternative Approaches to Mucosal Delivery.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Dual-targeting oral nanoparticle mucosal vaccine against brucella infection: co-targeting M cells and dendritic cells.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
375 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at mucosal sites, involving secretory antibody responses and tissue-resident T cells, has the capacity to prevent an infection from becoming established in the first place, rather than only curtailing infection and protecting against the development of disease symptoms. Although numerous effective mucosal vaccines are in use, the major advances seen with injectable vaccines (including adjuvanted subunit antigens, RNA and DNA vaccines) have not yet been translated into licensed mucosal vaccines, which currently comprise solely live attenuated and inactivated whole-cell preparations. The identification of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants allied to innovative antigen discovery and delivery strategies is key to advancing mucosal vaccines. Significant progress has been made in resolving the mechanisms that regulate innate and adaptive mucosal immunity and in understanding the crosstalk between mucosal sites, and this provides valuable pointers to inform mucosal adjuvant design. In particular, increased knowledge on mucosal antigen-presenting cells, innate lymphoid cell populations and resident memory cells at mucosal sites highlights attractive targets for vaccine design. Exploiting these insights will allow new vaccine technologies to be leveraged to facilitate rational mucosal vaccine design for pathogens including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and for cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.