ArticleEClinicalMedicine2021
Enduring problems in the offspring of depressed parents followed up to 38 years.
Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Infant hippocampal and amygdala volume in an observational follow-up from a randomized clinical trial for maternal prenatal depression.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Investigating interpretation bias and stress responses as risk factors in children of parents with depression.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Familial Transmission of Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder to Alcohol and Other Drug Use Disorders in a Swedish National Sample: Strongest Effects From Mothers to Daughters.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2026Article
- Timing of Exposure to Parental Depression From Pregnancy to Young Adulthood and Mental Health in Adult Offspring.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Impact of parental adverse childhood experiences on offspring anxiety and depressive symptoms: a three-year longitudinal study.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Subcortical resting state functional connectivity as a neural marker of first onset internalizing disorder in high-risk youth.Neuroimage. Reports · 2025Article
- Siblings' similarity in neural responses to loss reflects mechanisms of familial transmission for depression.Journal of psychiatric research · 2025Article
- Depression and cognition are associated with lipid dysregulation in both a multigenerational study of depression and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Article
- Intraindividual phenotyping of depression in high-risk youth: An application of a multilevel hidden Markov model.Development and psychopathology · 2023Article
- Risk factors for the intergenerational transmission of depression in women and girls: Understanding neural correlates of major depressive disorder and the role of early-onset maternal depression.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2023Article
- Putamen Structure and Function in Familial Risk for Depression: A Multimodal Imaging Study.Biological psychiatry · 2022Article
- The Intergenerational Impact of Structural Racism and Cumulative Trauma on Depression.The American journal of psychiatry · 2022Review
- Altruism and "love of neighbor" offer neuroanatomical protection against depression.Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundwhile the increased risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) in offspring of depressed parents is one of the best-replicated findings in psychiatry, their long-term outcomes are less well known. The clinical outcomes of biological offspring of depressed (high-risk) and not depressed (low-risk) parents who have been directly interviewed over the years are presented.
methods
findingshigh- compared to low-risk offspring continue to have about a three-fold increased risk of MDD, increased rates of anxiety disorder, substance dependence, and poorer functioning over the life course. Adolescence and early adulthood remain prime age of first onsets. Within high-risk group only, the death rate due to unnatural causes, suicides and overdose was 4·97/100 in the offspring and 5·36/100 in their parents. This subsample of White, lower-educated, often unemployed persons, who died by unnatural causes are similar demographically to those described as having a recent increase in 'deaths of despair'.
interpretationfamily history of MDD continues to be a powerful predictor of clinical course and mortality and should be probed in clinical visits, especially in youth when depression usually first appears.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.