ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2021
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ionized Calcium-Binding Adapter Molecule 1 Immunostaining Score for the Central Nervous System of Horses With Non-suppurative Encephalitis and Encephalopathies.
Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Osmotin-derived 9-amino-acid peptide alleviates α-synuclein and MPTP-induced glial cell activation mediated neuroinflammation, protecting dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease mice brain.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Article
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy alleviates intestinal and brain damage in experimental necrotizing enterocolitis.Medical gas research · 2025Article
- Comparative study of non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in cattle in Southern Brazil.Veterinary research communications · 2024Article
- Metallothionein I/II Expression and Metal Ion Levels in Correlation with Amyloid Beta Deposits in the Aged Feline Brain.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- The protective effect of taurine, piracetam and vinpocetine on etoposide-induced inflammation and brain injury in the serum of female albino rats.Ecancermedicalscience · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
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Abstract
Like humans, horses are susceptible to neurotropic and neuroinvasive pathogens that are not always readily identified in histological sections. Instead, alterations in astrocytes and microglia cells can be used as pathological hallmarks of injured nervous tissue in a variety of infectious and degenerative diseases. On the other hand, equine glial cell alterations are poorly characterized in diseases. Therefore, in this study, we provide a statistically proved score system to classify astrogliosis and microgliosis in the central nervous system (CNS) of horses, based on morphological and quantitative analyses of 35 equine cases of encephalitis and/or encephalopathies and four non-altered CNS as controls. For this system, we used glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) immunohistochemistry, allied to statistical analysis to confirm that the scores were correctly designated. The scores of alterations ranged from 0 (non-altered) to 3 (severely altered) and provided a helpful method for describing astrocytic and microglial alterations in horses suffering from inflammatory and degenerative lesions. This system could be a template for comparative studies in other animal species and could aid algorithms designed for artificial intelligence methods lacking a defined morphological pattern.
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