ReviewCurrent therapeutic research, clinical and experimental2021
Immunological Treatment Failure Among Adult Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in East Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06889142 (Proof-of-Concept Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Proof-of-Concept Study: Investigating the Impact of NMN Supplementation on CD4+ T Cell Recovery in Virologically Suppressed HIV Patients With Immunological Failure
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- What leads to treatment failure among people living with HIV: first systematic review from the middle east and North Africa.Virology journal · 2025Pooled it
- Incidence, survival, and risk factors for first-line antiretroviral therapy failure among adults on ART follow-up in health facilities in Southwest Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2023: a retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMinimizing antiretroviral treatment failure is crucial for improving patient health and for maintaining long-term access to care in low-income settings such as eastern Africa. To develop interventions to support adherence, policymakers must understand the extent and scope of treatment failure in their programs. However, estimates of treatment failure in eastern Africa have been variable and inconclusive.
objectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis sought to determine the pooled prevalence of immunological failure among adults receiving antiretroviral therapy in eastern Africa.
methodsWe performed a systematic search of the PubMed, Google Scholar, Excerpta Medica Database, and the World Health Organization's Hinari portal (which includes the Scopus, African Index Medicus, and African Journals Online databases) databases. Unpublished studies were also accessed from conference websites and university repositories. We used Stata version 14 for data analysis. The Cochrane
resultsAfter removing duplicates, 25 articles remained for assessment and screening. After quality screening, 15 articles were deemed eligible and incorporated into the final analysis. The average pooled estimate of immunological treatment failure prevalence was found to be 21.89% (95% CI, 15.14-28.64). In the subgroup analysis conducted by geographic region, the pooled prevalence of immunological treatment failure in Ethiopia was 15.2% (95% CI, 12.27-18.13) while in Tanzania it was 53.93% (95% CI, 48.14-59.73). Neither the results of Egger test or Begg tests suggested publication bias; however, on visual examination, the funnel plot appeared asymmetric. The large heterogeneity across the studies could be explained by study country.
conclusionImmunological treatment failure among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in eastern Africa was high, and greater than previously reported. The relatively low rates of treatment failure found in Ethiopia suggest that its health extension program should be studied as a model for improving adherence in the region. (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.