ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Human Glioma Microenvironment.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 136 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolic modulation of glioblastoma by dietary intervention: a systematic review.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Treatment-induced ripple effect: a systematic review exploring the abscopal phenomenon in Glioblastoma multiforme.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Pooled it
- A barrier-crossing and immune checkpoint-blocking antibody fusion protein for enhanced glioma-targeted immunotherapy.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Article
- Enhancing glioma immunotherapy by disrupting RBP-J-mediated NNMT signaling in tumor microenvironment.Oncogene · 2026Article
- Metabolic Reprogramming and Neurotransmitter Signaling Co-Option in the Glioma Immune Microenvironment: Dual-Axis Regulation of Immunosuppression.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- The microenvironment of glioblastoma: in pursuit of universal multimodal immunotherapy.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Review
- Article
- A novel cuproptosis-related prognostic gene signature is identified by machine learning and integrative analyses in gliomas.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Heat up and Destroy: Immunotherapy of "Cold" Tumors Using the Example of Glioblastoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- From Classical to Emerging Biomarkers of Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors. An Evidence-Based Review with a Focus on Gliomas.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Comprehensive exploration of the role of multimodal programmed cell death- associated lncRNAs in the prognosis and immunity of glioma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Glioblastoma as a neuro-immune network disorder: rethinking the tumor microenvironment, neural circuit integration, and therapeutic resistance.Oncology reviews · 2026Review
- Integrating of Machine Learning to Characterize Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cell-Related Signature for Enhancing Prognosis for Glioma Patients.Biological procedures online · 2025Article
- Combined Tumor Cell and Lysate-Based Vaccines for Immunotherapy of Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma (GBM).Cancers · 2025Review
- A Novel Class of Multi-substituted Diaryl Scaffold Derivatives Inhibit Glioblastoma Progression by Targeting CD155.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Overcoming temozolomide resistance in glioma: recent advances and mechanistic insights.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Review
- Oligodendroglioma: Advances in Molecular Mechanisms and Immunotherapeutic Strategies.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Gene regulatory networks analysis for the discovery of prognostic genes in gliomas.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Immune response recalibration using immune therapy and biomimetic nano-therapy against high-grade gliomas and brain metastases.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Review
- Circadian rhythm related genes signature in glioma for drug resistance prediction: a comprehensive analysis integrating transcriptomics and machine learning.Discover oncology · 2025Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults. Despite the fact that they are relatively rare, they cause significant morbidity and mortality. High-grade gliomas or glioblastomas are rapidly progressing tumors with a very poor prognosis. The presence of an intrinsic immune system in the central nervous system is now more accepted. During the last decade, there has been no major progress in glioma therapy. The lack of effective treatment for gliomas can be explained by the strategies that cancer cells use to escape the immune system. This being said, immunotherapy, which involves blockade of immune checkpoint inhibitors, has improved patients' survival in different cancer types. This novel cancer therapy appears to be one of the most promising approaches. In the present study, we will start with a review of the general concept of immune response within the brain and glioma microenvironment. Then, we will try to decipher the role of various immune checkpoint inhibitors within the glioma microenvironment. Finally, we will discuss some promising therapeutic pathways, including immune checkpoint blockade and the body's effective anti-glioma immune response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.