Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34304252›Full record

ArticlePediatric research2021

SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and immune pathogenesis among school-aged learners in four diverse schools.

Dan M Cooper, Michael Z Zulu, Allen Jankeel, Izabela Coimbra Ibraim, Jessica Ardo, Kirsten Kasper, Diana Stephens, Andria Meyer, Annamarie Stehli, Curt Condon and 11 more

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Pediatric research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
0.5field-weighted citation impact, top 32% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 9 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. SARS-CoV-2 Circulation in the School Setting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Pooled it
  3. Pediatric COVID-19 Health Disparities and Vaccine Equity.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2022
    Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Dan M CooperInstitute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Michael Z ZuluCenter for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, School of Biological Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA.
Allen JankeelCenter for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, School of Biological Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA.
Izabela Coimbra IbraimCenter for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, School of Biological Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA.
Jessica ArdoChildren's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA.
Kirsten KasperChildren's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA.
Diana StephensInstitute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Andria MeyerInstitute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Annamarie StehliDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Curt CondonOrange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, CA, USA.
Mary E LondoñoUniversity of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Casey M SchreiberChildren's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA.
Nanette V LopezDepartment of Health Sciences, Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
Ricky L CamplainDepartment of Health Sciences, Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
Michael WeissChildren's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA.
Charles GoldenChildren's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, USA.
Shlomit Radom-AizikDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Bernadette Boden-AlbalaProgram in Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
Clayton ChauOrange County Health Care Agency, Santa Ana, CA, USA.
Ilhem MessaoudiCenter for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, School of Biological Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA.
Erlinda R UlloaDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA. chulie.ulloa@uci.edu.
University of California, Irvine · USChildren's Hospital of Orange County · USNorthern Arizona University · USOrange County Healthcare Agency · US

Funding

University of California Health Participation in the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C)UL1TR001414 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE · PI COOPER, DAN M, VILAIN, ERIC J. · 2015 to 2023
$35.1M
Maternal obesity and neonatal innate immunityR01AI142841 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY · PI MESSAOUDI, ILHEM, VARLAMOV, OLEG · 2018 to 2024
$2.7M
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors Sensitize Multidrug-Resistant Gram-negative Pathogens to Innate Immune ClearanceK08AI151253 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-IRVINE · PI ULLOA, ERLINDA ROSE · 2020 to 2024
$1.0M
Mechanisms of varicella virus disseminationR21AI143301 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY · PI MESSAOUDI, ILHEM · 2019 to 2020
$424k
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001414NIAID NIH HHS K08 AI151253NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI142841NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI143301
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundUnderstanding SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is necessary to reopen schools safely.

methodsWe measured SARS-CoV-2 infection in 320 learners [10.5 ± 2.1 (sd); 7-17 y.o.] at four diverse schools with either remote or on-site learning. Schools A and B served low-income Hispanic learners; school C served many special-needs learners, and all provided predominantly remote instruction. School D served middle- and upper-income learners, with predominantly on-site instruction. Testing occurred in the fall (2020), and 6-8 weeks later during the fall-winter surge (notable for a tenfold increase in COVID-19 cases). Immune responses and mitigation fidelity were also measured.

resultsWe found SARS-CoV-2 infections in 17 learners only during the surge. School A (97% remote learners) had the highest infection (10/70, 14.3%, p < 0.01) and IgG positivity rates (13/66, 19.7%). School D (93% on-site learners) had the lowest infection and IgG positivity rates (1/63, 1.6%). Mitigation compliance [physical distancing (mean 87.4%) and face-covering (91.3%)] was remarkably high at all schools. Documented SARS-CoV-2-infected learners had neutralizing antibodies (94.7%), robust IFN-γ + T cell responses, and reduced monocytes.

conclusionsSchools can implement successful mitigation strategies across a wide range of student diversity. Despite asymptomatic to mild SARS-CoV-2 infection, children generate robust humoral and cellular immune responses. IMPACT: Successful COVID-19 mitigation was implemented across a diverse range of schools. School-associated SARS-CoV-2 infections reflect regional rates rather than remote or on-site learning. Seropositive school-aged children with asymptomatic to mild SARS-CoV-2 infections generate robust humoral and cellular immunity.

Indexed as

Immunity, CellularImmunity, HumoralStudentsAdolescentAge FactorsCaliforniaChildCommunicable Disease ControlCOVID-19COVID-19 TestingEducation, DistanceFemaleHost-Pathogen InteractionsHumansIncidenceMale

Identifiers

PMID34304252
PMCPMC8308070
OpenAlexW3184593167

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.