ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2021
Temporal trends in smoking and nicotine dependence in relation to co-occurring substance use in the United States, 2005-2016.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nicotine use and psychoticism: A longitudinal co-twin control analysis.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2026Article
- The role of polysubstance use in the development, maintenance, and treatment of stimulant use disorders.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- Acute nicotine administration reduces the efficacy of punishment in curbing remifentanil consumption in a seeking-taking chain schedule of reinforcement.Psychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Predictors of Enrollment and Adherence in a Randomized Tobacco Cessation Clinical Trial.Tobacco use insights · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite an overall decline in tobacco use in the United States, secular trends of smoking and nicotine dependence with co-occurring substance use are not well characterized.
methodsWe examined self-reported tobacco and other substance use in 22,245 participants age 21-59 in the United States from six waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Using Joinpoint regression, we assessed secular trends of smoking and nicotine dependence as a function of co-occurring use of alcohol, prescription opioids, marijuana/hashish, cocaine/heroin/methamphetamine, or other injection drug use. Multivariable logistic regressions were fitted to identify the potential risk factors.
resultsDuring 2005-2016, the prevalence of current smoking decreased (without co-occurring substance use: 17.0 %-12.7 %; with co-occurring use of one substance: 35.3 % to 24.6 %; with co-occurring use of two or more substances: 53.8 %-42.2 %), and moderate-to-severe nicotine dependence decreased as well (8.0 %-4.2 %, 16.0 %-8.8 %, and 23.9 %-15.7 %, respectively). Smoking and nicotine dependence were more likely in those with co-occurring use of one substance (current smoking: odds ratio [OR] = 2.22, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 2.01-2.45); nicotine dependence: OR = 1.88, 95 % CI = 1.63-2.17) and in those with co-occurring use of two or more substances (current smoking: OR = 5.25, 95 % CI = 4.63-5.95; nicotine dependence: OR = 3.24, 95 % CI = 2.72-3.87).
conclusionsCo-occurring substance use was associated with smaller reductions in tobacco use, over time, and with increased odds of nicotine dependence. This suggests that co-occurring substance users should be regarded as a tobacco-related disparity group and prioritized for tobacco control interventions.
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