ReviewDNA repair2021
Defining R-loop classes and their contributions to genome instability.
Review in DNA repair, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Quality-controlled R-loop meta-analysis reveals the characteristics of R-loop consensus regions.Nucleic acids research · 2022Pooled it
- Genome-wide mapping reveals increased R-loops in topoisomerase III-beta-deficient human cells.iScience · 2026Article
- R-Loop Modification and Quantification by Dot Blot.Bio-protocol · 2026Article
- Using the DNA language model, GROVER, to parse effects of sequence, chromatin and regulatory features on genome stability.Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Break-induced replication forms long mutable single-strand DNA during meiosis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- R-loop homeostasis at transposable elements safeguards transcriptional silencing in replication-quiescent oocytes.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Herpes simplex virus type 1 R-loops are targets for APOBEC-mediated mutagenesis.Genome biology · 2026Article
- Integrative Analysis Reveals Conserved R-Loop Features in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells.Epigenomes · 2026Article
- APOBEC3B regulates HPV replication by inducing R-loop formation and DNA damage.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- SFPQ directs histone H3.3 deposition to R-loops in DNA repeats to protect genome stability.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Regulation of transcription by R loop-nucleated transcription condensate assembly.Cell & bioscience · 2026Review
- p53 status determines the epigenetic response to demethylating agents azacitidine and decitabine.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- ACACA modulates R-loop homeostasis to enhance lipid metabolism and microenvironmental interactions in ccRCC.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- Differential roles of type I topoisomerases in regulating HPV pathogenesis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Non-coding RNAs as regulators of chromosomal instability in breast cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Transcriptome-wide mapping reveals an RNA-dependent mechanism of platinum cancer drugs.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Role of Trichostatin A (TSA) in modulating the epigenetic modification in the lymphocytes of colorectal cancer (CRC).Clinical epigenetics · 2025Article
- Topoisomerase III-beta protects from immune dysregulation and tumorigenesis.Science advances · 2025Article
- Biochemical Characterization of R-Loop Degradation by Chloroplast-Localized RNase H1 fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Emerging drivers of DNA repeat expansions.Biochemical Society transactions · 2025Review
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
R-loops are non-B DNA structures that form during transcription when the nascent RNA anneals to the template DNA strand forming a RNA:DNA hybrid. Understanding the genomic distribution and function of R-loops is an important goal, since R-loops have been implicated in a number of adaptive and maladaptive processes under physiological and pathological conditions. Based on R-loop mapping datasets, we propose the existence of two main classes of R-loops, each associated with unique characteristics. Promoter-paused R-loops (Class I) are short R-loops that form at high frequency during promoter-proximal pausing by RNA polymerase II. Elongation-associated R-loops (Class II) are long structures that occur throughout gene bodies at modest frequencies. We further discuss the relationships between each R-loop class with instances of genome instability and suggest that increased class I R-loops, resulting from enhanced promoter-proximal pausing, represent the main culprits for R-loop mediated genome instability under pathological conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.