ArticleNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2021
International Consensus Recommendations for the Treatment of Pediatric NMDAR Antibody Encephalitis.
Open access · goldAbstract readConsensus Statement
In one paragraph
Article in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
94citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
13.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 182 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Recurrence of Autoimmune Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: A systematic review.Multiple sclerosis and related disorders · 2025Pooled it
- An updated, comprehensive meta-analysis of the treatment of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Analysis, equipoise, and the urgent need for evidence over anecdote.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Pooled it
- Second-line immunotherapy and functional outcomes in autoimmune encephalitis: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.Epilepsia · 2022Pooled it
- Clinical Features and Therapeutic Effects of Anti-leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 Encephalitis: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Pooled it
- Symptom evolution, persistence, and pharmacological management in paediatric NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Ofatumumab Therapy and Long-Term Seizure Outcomes of Patients With Relapsing Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Disease spectrum of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in children: A study based on clinical subtype characteristics and prognostic stratification.Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape · 2026Article
- A predictive nomogram for relapse risk in children with autoimmune encephalitis.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Article
- The Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis: Current, Future Therapies, Unmet Need and Patient Management.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Neuronal autoantibodies in neurodegenerative dementia: From evidence to clinical framework.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Review
- Case report: anti-NMDAR encephalitis with cerebellar ataxia as the initial manifestation.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Memantine Use in Prolonged Cognitive Sequalae in Pediatric Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Encephalitis: A Three-year Follow-up Case Report and Brief Review.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Soluble TREM2 Is Elevated in Pediatric Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors after first- and second-line immunotherapy in a cohort of 57 patients with refractory autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Case Report: Sequential FcRn blockade and B-cell depletion for treatment-refractory relapsing autoimmune encephalitis: a three-patient case series.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Tocilizumab Treatment in Refractory Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy: A Case Report and Literature Review.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Case Report: Ofatumumab for the treatment of refractory anti-NMDAR-positive autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Short-term clinical remission rates and adverse reactions of rituximab compared to cyclosporine in patients with refractory membranous nephropathy (MN).American journal of translational research · 2026Article
- Epileptic spasms in the acute phase of pediatric anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a case series.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
29 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Margherita NosadiniFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Terrence ThomasFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-4241-1652
Michael EyreFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-6704-5727
Banu AnlarFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Thais ArmangueFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-6192-6171
Susanne M BenselerFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Tania CellucciFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Kumaran DeivaFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
William GallentineFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Grace GombolayFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-4830-7792
Mark P GormanFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Yael HacohenFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Yuwu JiangFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Byung Chan LimFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Eyal MuscalFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Alvin NdondoFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Rinze NeuteboomFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-6136-4981
Kevin RostásyFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Hiroshi SakumaFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Suvasini SharmaFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Silvia Noemi TenembaumFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-6544-4356
Heather Ann Van MaterFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Elizabeth WellsFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Ronny WickstromFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-1183-150X
Anusha K YeshokumarFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Sarosh R IraniFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-7667-9748
Josep DalmauFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Ming LimFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-7738-8910
Russell C DaleFrom the Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit (M.N.), Department of Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova; Neuroimmunology Group (M.N.), Paediatric Research Institute "Città della Speranza," Padova, Italy; Department of Paediatrics (T.T.), Neurology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences (M.E.), King's College London; Children's Neurosciences (M.E.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatric Neurology (B.A.), Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroimmunology Program (T.A.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu (SJD) Children's Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (S.M.B.), Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Division of Rheumatology (T.C.), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (K.D.), Pediatric Neurology Department, University Hospitals Paris Saclay, Bicêtre Hospital, France; French Reference Network of Rare Inflammatory Brain and Spinal Diseases (K.D.), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France and European Reference Network-RITA; Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics (W.G.), Stanford University and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (G.G.), Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (M.P.G.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Neuroinflammation (Y.H.), Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London; Department of Paediatric Neurology (Y.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom; Department of Pediatrics (Y.J.), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Pediatrics (B.C.L.), Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, South Korea; Department of Pediatrics (E.M.), Section Rheumatology, Co-appointment in the Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Division of Paediatric Neurology (A.N.), Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town; Faculty of Health Sciences (A.N.), University of Cape Town Neuroscience Institute, South Africa; Department of Neurology (R.N.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Neurology (K.R.), Children's Hospital Datteln, University Witten/Herdecke, Germany; Department of Brain and Neural Science (H.S.), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Pediatrics (Neurology Division) (S.S.), Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India; Department of Neurology (S.N.T.), National Pediatric Hospital Dr. J. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics (H.A.V.M.), Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Neuropaediatric Unit (R.W.), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology (A.K.Y.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group (S.R.I.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.R.I.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Neuroimmunology Program (J.D.), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain; Children's Neurosciences (M.L.), Evelina London Children's Hospital at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust; King's Health Partners Academic Health Science Centre (M.L.); Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (M.L.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; and Kids Neuroscience Centre (R.C.D.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. russell.dale@health.nsw.gov.au.
KK Women's and Children's Hospital · SG
Funding
Department of HealthMedical Research Council MR/V007173/1Wellcome Trust 104079/Z/14/Z
Abstract
objectiveTo create an international consensus treatment recommendation for pediatric NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis (NMDARE).
methodsAfter selection of a panel of 27 experts with representation from all continents, a 2-step Delphi method was adopted to develop consensus on relevant treatment regimens and statements, along with key definitions in pediatric NMDARE (disease severity, failure to improve, and relapse). Finally, an online face-to-face meeting was held to reach consensus (defined as ≥75% agreement).
resultsCorticosteroids are recommended in all children with NMDARE (pulsed IV preferred), with additional IV immunoglobulin or plasma exchange in severe patients. Prolonged first-line immunotherapy can be offered for up to 3-12 months (oral corticosteroids or monthly IV corticosteroids/immunoglobulin), dependent on disease severity. Second-line treatments are recommended for cases refractory to first-line therapies (rituximab preferred over cyclophosphamide) and should be considered about 2 weeks after first-line initiation. Further immunotherapies for refractory disease 1-3 months after second-line initiation include another second-line treatment (such as cyclophosphamide) and escalation to tocilizumab. Maintenance immune suppression beyond 6 months (such as rituximab redosing or mycophenolate mofetil) is generally not required, except for patients with a more severe course or prolonged impairments and hospitalization. For patients with relapsing disease, second-line and prolonged maintenance therapy should be considered. The treatment of NMDARE following herpes simplex encephalitis should be similar to idiopathic NMDARE. Broad guidance is provided for the total treatment duration (first line, second line, and maintenance), which is dictated by the severity and clinical course (i.e., median 3, 9 and 18 months in the best, average, and worst responders, respectively). Recommendations on the timing of oncologic searches are provided.
conclusionThese international consensus recommendations for the management of pediatric NMDARE aim to standardize the treatment and provide practical guidance for clinicians, rather than absolute rules. A similar recommendation could be applicable to adult patients.
Indexed as
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor EncephalitisChildDelphi TechniqueHumansTreatment Outcome
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
None linked
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.