ArticleBMJ open2021
Sociodemographic inequality in COVID-19 vaccination coverage among elderly adults in England: a national linked data study.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Usefulness of linked data for infectious disease events: a systematic review.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Pooled it
- Inequality in the distribution of Covid-19 vaccine: a systematic review.International journal for equity in health · 2022Pooled it
- Contributions of prior health and vaccination to inequality in COVID-19 mortality by income: analysis of administrative microdata for the non-institutionalized Dutch population.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Did Religion Help Me?: Coping During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Grenada.Journal of religion and health · 2025Article
- Article
- Reconsidering inequalities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Germany: a spatiotemporal analysis combining individual educational level and area-level socioeconomic deprivation.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The impact of targeted local outreach clinics to improve COVID-19 vaccine uptake: controlled interrupted time series in South West England.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Article
- COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Skåne county, Sweden, in relation to individual-level and area-level sociodemographic factors: a register-based cross-sectional analysis.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Marginalisation and distrust in the context of the COVID-19 vaccination programme: experiences of communities in a northern UK city region.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Mpox knowledge, behaviours and barriers to public health measures among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men in the UK: a qualitative study to inform public health guidance and messaging.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Social determinants of health and vaccine uptake during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Review
- Tackling barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake in London: a mixed-methods evaluation.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Understanding the spatial heterogeneity of COVID-19 vaccination uptake in England.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Article
- COVID-19 vaccination uptake amongst ethnic minority communities in England: a linked study exploring the drivers of differential vaccination rates.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Sociodemographic differences in Covid-19 vaccine uptake in Denmark: a nationwide register-based cohort study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Factors associated with timely COVID-19 vaccination in a population-based cohort of patients with cancer.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2023Article
- Article
- Determinants of COVID-19 vaccination worldwide: WORLDCOV, a retrospective observational study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine inequalities in COVID-19 vaccination rates among elderly adults in England.
designCohort study.
settingPeople living in private households and communal establishments in England.
participants6 655 672 adults aged ≥70 years (mean 78.8 years, 55.2% women) who were alive on 15 March 2021.
main outcome measuresHaving received the first dose of a vaccine against COVID-19 by 15 March 2021. We calculated vaccination rates and estimated unadjusted and adjusted ORs using logistic regression models.
resultsBy 15 March 2021, 93.2% of people living in England aged 70 years and over had received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. While vaccination rates differed across all factors considered apart from sex, the greatest disparities were seen between ethnic and religious groups. The lowest rates were in people of black African and black Caribbean ethnic backgrounds, where only 67.2% and 73.8% had received a vaccine, with adjusted odds of not being vaccinated at 5.01 (95% CI 4.86 to 5.16) and 4.85 (4.75 to 4.96) times greater than the white British group. The proportion of individuals self-identifying as Muslim and Buddhist who had received a vaccine was 79.1% and 84.1%, respectively. Older age, greater area deprivation, less advantaged socioeconomic position (proxied by living in a rented home), being disabled and living either alone or in a multigenerational household were also associated with higher odds of not having received the vaccine.
conclusionResearch is now urgently needed to understand why disparities exist in these groups and how they can best be addressed through public health policy and community engagement.
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Registered trials
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