ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2021
Differential Diagnosis of Azoospermia in Men with Infertility.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05110391 (Sperm Retrieval Rates by Microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction in Non-obstructive Azoospermic Men Subjected to Gonadotropin Therapy), which is not on this map. Cited by 57 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Sperm Retrieval Rates by Microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction in Non-obstructive Azoospermic Men Subjected to Gonadotropin Therapy
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 86 citations in OpenAlex.
- Analysis of the Correlation Between Circulating Cell-Free DNA (CfDNA) Levels and Serious Abnormal Sperm Parameters.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Point-of-care ultrasound evaluation of obstructive azoospermia in a patient with prior bilateral Cohen ureteral reimplantation: A case report.Basic and clinical andrology · 2026Article
- Clinical and Pathological Characteristics of Men with Infertility at a Single Center: A Retrospective Descriptive Study.Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2026Article
- Differential expression of ALOX15 and GPX4 in the testicular tissue of men with obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia: a cross-sectional study.Translational andrology and urology · 2026Article
- Identification of biomarkers related to amino acid metabolism in nonobstructive azoospermia by bioinformatics.Medicine · 2026Article
- Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Male Infertility-Current Trends and Future Directions: A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Male Infertility: A Comprehensive Review of Urological Causes and Contemporary Management.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Global Andrology Forum (GAF) Clinical Guidelines on the Management of Non-obstructive Azoospermia: Bridging the Gap between Controversy and Consensus.The world journal of men's health · 2026Article
- Epidemiological, Clinical, and Biomarker Profile of Male Infertility in Morocco: A Retrospective Single-Center Study of 1399 Cases.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Localization of obstruction sites in obstructive azoospermia: role of combined transscrotal-transrectal ultrasonography.Insights into imaging · 2025Article
- Unraveling a Subgroup of Men With Unexplained Male Infertility-Men With Normogonadotropic Nonobstructive Azoospermia.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Differential significance of Seminal Cell-Free DNA Levels, Oxidative Stress, and Sperm Characteristic between Infertile Men with Non-obstructive and obstructive Azoospermia.JBRA assisted reproduction · 2025Article
- Review
- Reproductive Health and Assisted Conception in Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- A review of testicular histopathology in nonobstructive azoospermia.Asian journal of andrology · 2025Review
- High-frequency ultrasound shear wave dispersion imaging for male infertility: a pilot study.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2025Article
- The Diagnostic Value of Point-of-Care Ultrasonography in the Differential Diagnosis of Azoospermia: Introducing a Concept.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Response to: Critical appraisal of "pregnancy outcomes in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia undergoing micro-TESE: comparison of fresh vs. frozen-thawed testicular sperm".Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2025Article
- A comparison of the expression patterns and diagnostic capability of the ncRNAs NEAT1 and miR-34a in non-obstructive azoospermia and severe oligospermia.Human genomics · 2025Article
- Prediction of testicular histology in azoospermia patients through deep learning-enabled two-dimensional grayscale ultrasound.Asian journal of andrology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The differential diagnosis between obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia is the first step in the clinical management of azoospermic patients with infertility. It includes a detailed medical history and physical examination, semen analysis, hormonal assessment, genetic tests, and imaging studies. A testicular biopsy is reserved for the cases of doubt, mainly in patients whose history, physical examination, and endocrine analysis are inconclusive. The latter should be combined with sperm extraction for possible sperm cryopreservation. We present a detailed analysis on how to make the azoospermia differential diagnosis and discuss three clinical cases where the differential diagnosis was challenging. A coordinated effort involving reproductive urologists/andrologists, geneticists, pathologists, and embryologists will offer the best diagnostic path for men with azoospermia.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.