Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34299767›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021

Prolonged Stress Causes Depression in Frontline Workers Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study in a COVID-19 Hub-Hospital in Central Italy.

Nicola Magnavita, Paolo Maurizio Soave, Massimo Antonelli

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
68citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
14.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

68 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 111 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. The Early Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health Facilities and Psychiatric Professionals.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021
    Pooled it
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Visceral Arterial Pseudoaneurysms-A Clinical Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025
    Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Tracking Workplace Violence over 20 Years.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024
    Article
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  13. Review
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8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Nicola MagnavitaPostgraduate School of Occupational Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-0988-7344
Paolo Maurizio SoavePostgraduate School of Occupational Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
Massimo AntonelliDepartment of Emergency, Anesthesiology and Resuscitation Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore · ITAgostino Gemelli University Polyclinic · IT

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely tested the mental health of frontline health care workers. A repeated cross-sectional study can provide information on how their mental health evolved during the various phases of the pandemic. The intensivists of a COVID-19 hub hospital in Rome were investigated with a baseline survey during the first wave of the pandemic in April 2020, and they were contacted again in December 2020, during the second wave. Of the 205 eligible workers, 152 responded to an online questionnaire designed to measure procedural justice, occupational stress (effort/reward imbalance), sleep quality, anxiety, depression, burnout, job satisfaction, happiness, and turnover intention. Workers reported a further increase in workload and compassion fatigue, which had already risen during the first wave, and a marked reduction in the time devoted to meditation and mental activities. A low level of confidence in the adequacy of safety procedures and the need to work in isolation, together with an increased workload and lack of time for meditation, were the most significant predictors of occupational stress in a stepwise linear regression model. Occupational stress was, in turn, a significant predictor of insomnia, anxiety, low job satisfaction, burnout, and intention to leave the hospital. The number of workers manifesting symptoms of depression increased significantly to exceed 60%. Action to prevent occupational risks and enhance individual resilience cannot be postponed.

Indexed as

COVID-19PandemicsAnxietyCross-Sectional StudiesDepressionHealth PersonnelHospitalsHumansItalyRomeSARS-CoV-2compassion fatigueemergencyinfectious diseaseinsomnialonelinessmeditationmental healthorganizational justiceperspective studyprayerstress

Identifiers

PMID34299767
PMCPMC8304927
OpenAlexW3178315670

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.