ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Cigarette Smoke Stimulates SARS-CoV-2 Internalization by Activating AhR and Increasing ACE2 Expression in Human Gingival Epithelial Cells.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- CIITA/PRMT5 promote CD4BMC medicine · 2026Article
- The role of the AHR in host-pathogen interactions.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Frankincense (Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptors in infection and inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the occurrence and development of periodontitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- COVID-19 on Oral Health: A New Bilateral Connection for the Pandemic.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Live to die another day: novel insights may explain the pathophysiology behind smoker's paradox in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2023Review
- Smoke and Spike: Benzo[a]pyrene Enhances SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Boosting NR4A2-Induced ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Expression.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- The rs16969968 Tobacco Smoking-Related Single-Nucleotide Variant Is Associated with Clinical Markers in Patients with Severe COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The Oral Cavity Potentially Serving as a Reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 but Not Necessarily Facilitating the Spread of COVID-19 in Dental Practice.European journal of dentistry · 2023Article
- Pharmacological disruption of mSWI/SNF complex activity restricts SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature genetics · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 versus Influenza A Virus: Characteristics and Co-Treatments.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- E-Cigarette Vapour Increases ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Expression in a Flavour- and Nicotine-Dependent Manner.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Covid-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infection in periodontology: A narrative review.Journal of periodontal research · 2022Review
- Oral Pathology in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Molecular Aspects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Opioid-Use, COVID-19 Infection, and Their Neurological Implications.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Review
- Involvement of metformin and aging in salivary expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2.BioFactors (Oxford, England)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A large body of evidence shows the harmful effects of cigarette smoke to oral and systemic health. More recently, a link between smoking and susceptibility to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was proposed. COVID-19 is due to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which uses the receptor ACE2 and the protease TMPRSS2 for entry into host cells, thereby infecting cells of the respiratory tract and the oral cavity. Here, we examined the effects of cigarette smoke on the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors and infection in human gingival epithelial cells (GECs). We found that cigarette smoke condensates (CSC) upregulated ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in GECs, and that CSC activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling in the oral cells. ACE2 was known to mediate SARS-CoV-2 internalization, and we demonstrate that CSC treatment potentiated the internalization of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in GECs in an AhR-dependent manner. AhR depletion using small interference RNA decreased SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus internalization in CSC-treated GECs compared with control GECs. Our study reveals that cigarette smoke upregulates SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression and infection in oral cells. Understanding the mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection in cells of the oral cavity may suggest therapeutic interventions for preventing viral infection and transmission.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.