ReviewCancers2021
Three-Dimensional Culture Models to Study Innate Anti-Tumor Immune Response: Advantages and Disadvantages.
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- The dual role of extracellular vesicles derived from animal and human immune cells: A systematic review.Journal of advanced veterinary and animal research · 2025Review
- Long-term maintenance of patient-specific characteristics in tumoroids from six cancer indications.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Memory-like differentiation enhances NK cell responses against colorectal cancer.Oncoimmunology · 2024Article
- Suppression of the antitumoral activity of natural killer cells under indirect coculture with cancer-associated fibroblasts in a pancreatic TIME-on-chip model.Cancer cell international · 2023Article
- Selection and Optimization of a Bioink Based on PANC-1- Plasma/Alginate/Methylcellulose for Pancreatic Tumour Modelling.Polymers · 2023Article
- Out of Box Thinking to Tangible Science: A Benchmark History of 3D Bio-Printing in Regenerative Medicine and Tissues Engineering.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Newly developed 3D in vitro models to study tumor-immune interaction.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2023Review
- Opportunities and challenges to engineer 3D models of tumor-adaptive immune interactions.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Advances and Challenges in Cancer Stem Cells for Onco-Therapeutics.Stem cells international · 2023Review
- Fibroblasts Impair Migration and Antitumor Activity of NK-92 Lymphocytes in a Melanoma-on-Chip Model.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Recent Advances of Organ-on-a-Chip in Cancer Modeling Research.Biosensors · 2022Review
- Assessment of Antitumor and Antiproliferative Efficacy and Detection of Protein-Protein Interactions in Cancer Cells from 3D Tumor Spheroids.Current protocols · 2022Article
- Growth-rate model predicts in vivo tumor response from in vitro data.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2022Article
- Natural killer cells and immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy: Current knowledge and new challenges.Molecular therapy oncolytics · 2022Review
- Photodynamic Therapy-Mediated Immune Responses in Three-Dimensional Tumor Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Several approaches have shown that the immune response against tumors strongly affects patients' clinical outcome. Thus, the study of anti-tumor immunity is critical to understand and potentiate the mechanisms underlying the elimination of tumor cells. Natural killer (NK) cells are members of innate immunity and represent powerful anti-tumor effectors, able to eliminate tumor cells without a previous sensitization. Thus, the study of their involvement in anti-tumor responses is critical for clinical translation. This analysis has been performed in vitro, co-incubating NK with tumor cells and quantifying the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. In vivo confirmation has been applied to overcome the limits of in vitro testing, however, the innate immunity of mice and humans is different, leading to discrepancies. Different activating receptors on NK cells and counter-ligands on tumor cells are involved in the antitumor response, and innate immunity is strictly dependent on the specific microenvironment where it takes place. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, where NK and tumor cells can interact in a tissue-like architecture, have been created. For example, tumor cell spheroids and primary organoids derived from several tumor types, have been used so far to analyze innate immune response, replacing animal models. Herein, we briefly introduce NK cells and analyze and discuss in detail the properties of 3D tumor culture systems and their use for the study of tumor cell interactions with NK cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.