ArticleStem cell reports2021
Developing human pluripotent stem cell-based cerebral organoids with a controllable microglia ratio for modeling brain development and pathology.
Article in Stem cell reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 140 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
140 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 206 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mapping the Cerebral Organoid Landscape: A Systematic Review of Preclinical 3D Models in Neuroscience.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Pooled it
- From Pluripotency to Precision: A Comprehensive Review of hPSCs/iPSCs Models in Neuroscience Research.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Pooled it
- A beginner's guide on the use of brain organoids for neuroscientists: a systematic review.Stem cell research & therapy · 2023Pooled it
- Immunoids: Building immunocompetent organoids from human pluripotent stem cells.Cell stem cell · 2026Review
- Metabolic reprogramming of microglia: Effects on development, disease, and therapeutic potential.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Vascularized Brain Organoids: Advances in Engineering Human Neurovascular Models.International journal of stem cells · 2026Review
- Brain organoids and genome editing: A new era in understanding human brain development and disorders.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Protocol to generate microglia-containing cerebral organoids to model HIV neuroinflammation.STAR protocols · 2026Article
- Modeling Prenatal Immune Activation in Human Brain Organoids Uncovers IL-6-Dependent Interneuron Dysmaturation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Organoids to Model Tumor Microenvironment in Progression of Pathogenesis and Treatment Resistance in Glioblastoma Multiforme.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Microglia-associated progression of multiple sclerosis: target identification and therapeutic engagement in human in vitro models.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Brain organoids in environmental neurotoxicology: applications, mechanisms, and future perspectives.Cell biology and toxicology · 2026Review
- Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk: An Intimate Molecular Conversation in Neurodegeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Ethanol induces neuroimmune dysregulation and soluble TREM2 generation in a human iPSC neuron, astrocyte, microglia triculture model.Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Chimeric brain models to study human glial-neuronal and macroglial-microglial interactions.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Vascularized human brain organoids as a model of the brain-peripheral axis in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- TLR3 activation of microglia-containing cerebral organoid induces antiviral factors against HIV-1 infection.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Integrating brain organoids, meningeal immunity, and glymphatic dynamics: toward modeling neuroimmune clearance and crosstalk in disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- From microfluidics to nanodelivery: artificial intelligence reshapes neuropharmacology research strategies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- AI and organoid platforms for brain-targeted theranostics.Theranostics · 2026Review
80 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Microglia play critical roles in brain development, homeostasis, and disease. Microglia in animal models cannot accurately model human microglia due to notable transcriptomic and functional differences between human and other animal microglia. Incorporating human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived microglia into brain organoids provides unprecedented opportunities to study human microglia. However, an optimized method that integrates appropriate amounts of microglia into brain organoids at a proper time point, resembling in vivo brain development, is still lacking. Here, we report a new brain region-specific, microglia-containing organoid model by co-culturing hPSC-derived primitive neural progenitor cells and primitive macrophage progenitors. In the organoids, the number of human microglia can be controlled, and microglia exhibit phagocytic activity and synaptic pruning function. Furthermore, human microglia respond to Zika virus infection of the organoids. Our findings establish a new microglia-containing brain organoid model that will serve to study human microglial function in a variety of neurological disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.