ArticlePloS one2021
The synchronicity of COVID-19 disparities: Statewide epidemiologic trends in SARS-CoV-2 morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality among racial minorities and in rural America.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Urban and Rural Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review.Medical care research and review : MCRR · 2025Pooled it
- Excess Mortality Among People with HIV in Florida During the Initial Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Surveillance-Based Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Recognising the heterogeneity of Indigenous Peoples during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review across Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Prediction models for COVID-19 disease outcomes.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Comprehensive Clustering Analysis and Profiling of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Related Factors across U.S. Counties: Insights for Future Pandemic Responses.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Insights from Chilean NCDs Hospitalization Data during COVID-19.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Article
- Review
- Communities organizing to promote equity: engaging local communities in public health responses to health inequities exacerbated by COVID-19-protocol paper.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Editorial: COVID-19 pandemic and the social determinants of health.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2024Article
- Using wastewater to overcome health disparities among rural residents.Geoforum; journal of physical, human, and regional geosciences · 2023Article
- Article
- Higher hospitalization and mortality rates among SARS-CoV-2-infected persons in rural America.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2023Article
- Political views and organizational distrust affect rural residents' willingness to share personal data for COVID-19 contact tracing: A cross-sectional survey study.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2023Article
- Understanding Barriers to COVID-19 Testing Among Rural and Urban Populations in Kansas.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- COVID-19 Diagnosis and Risk of Death Among Adults With Cancer in Indiana: Retrospective Cohort Study.JMIR cancer · 2022Article
- Evaluating disparities in prescribing of naloxone after emergency department treatment of opioid overdose.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2022Article
- Special Section on Inclusive Digital Health: Notable Papers on Addressing Bias, Equity, and Literacy to Strengthen Health Systems.Yearbook of medical informatics · 2022Article
- Epidemiological Features of COVID-19 in Makkah City: A Retrospective Data Analysis.Computational and mathematical methods in medicine · 2022Article
- Researchers Should Consider How Disparities Change Over Time and Space: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic.NAM perspectives · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEarly studies on COVID-19 identified unequal patterns in hospitalization and mortality in urban environments for racial and ethnic minorities. These studies were primarily single center observational studies conducted within the first few weeks or months of the pandemic. We sought to examine trends in COVID-19 morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality over time for minority and rural populations, especially during the U.S. fall surge.
methodsData were extracted from a statewide cohort of all adult residents in Indiana tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 1 and December 31, 2020, linked to electronic health records. Primary measures were per capita rates of infection, hospitalization, and death. Age adjusted rates were calculated for multiple time periods corresponding to public health mitigation efforts. Comparisons across time within groups were compared using ANOVA.
resultsMorbidity and mortality increased over time with notable differences among sub-populations. Initially, hospitalization rates among racial minorities were 3-4 times higher than whites, and mortality rates among urban residents were twice those of rural residents. By fall 2020, hospitalization and mortality rates in rural areas surpassed those of urban areas, and gaps between black/brown and white populations narrowed. Changes across time among demographic groups was significant for morbidity and hospitalization. Cumulative morbidity and mortality were highest among minority groups and in rural communities.
conclusionsThe synchronicity of disparities in COVID-19 by race and geography suggests that health officials should explicitly measure disparities and adjust mitigation as well as vaccination strategies to protect those sub-populations with greater disease burden.
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