ArticleFood and environmental virology2021
Methods Evaluation for Rapid Concentration and Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in Raw Wastewater Using Droplet Digital and Quantitative RT-PCR.
Article in Food and environmental virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Methodological Approaches to SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Surveillance.Viruses · 2026Pooled it
- Recent progress on wastewater-based epidemiology for COVID-19 surveillance: A systematic review of analytical procedures and epidemiological modeling.The Science of the total environment · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluation of new adjuvants in enhancing the immune response to a candidate of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus vaccine.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Seasonal and spatial variability of PMMoV in tropical urban wastewater-based surveillance: implications for accurate SARS-CoV-2 monitoring in Kampala, Uganda.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Wastewater-based surveillance as a proactive public health tool: insights from SARS-CoV-2 monitoring in Kampala, Uganda (2023-2024).BMC public health · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 wastewater genomic surveillance: approaches, challenges, and opportunities.Genome biology · 2026Review
- Spatially Informed Wastewater Differentiation among Locations during an Ongoing Measles Outbreak in Texas, USA.ACS environmental Au · 2025Article
- Variabilities in N2 and E Gene Concentrations in a SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Multiplex Assay.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Wastewater sequencing from a rural community enables identification of widespread adaptive mutations in a SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Simplifying SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based surveillance using an automated FDA EUA assay.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Article
- Can Wastewater Surveillance Enhance Genomic Tracking of Climate-Driven Pathogens?Microorganisms · 2025Review
- State-space modelling using wastewater virus and epidemiological data to estimate reported COVID-19 cases and the potential infection numbers.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Article
- Digital PCR in Virology: Current Applications and Future Perspectives.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2025Review
- Development of a Large-Volume Concentration Method to Recover Infectious Avian Influenza Virus from the Aquatic Environment.Viruses · 2024Article
- Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater by quantitative PCR and digital PCR: a case study in Shijiazhuang city, Hebei province, China.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater as an earlier predictor of COVID-19 epidemic peaks in Venezuela.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A Narrative Review of High Throughput Wastewater Sample Processing for Infectious Disease Surveillance: Challenges, Progress, and Future Opportunities.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging public health tool to understand the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in communities. The performance of different virus concentration methods and PCR methods needs to be evaluated to ascertain their suitability for use in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. We evaluated ultrafiltration and polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation methods to concentrate SARS-CoV-2 from sewage in wastewater treatment plants and upstream in the wastewater network (e.g., manholes, lift stations). Recovery of viruses by different concentration methods was determined using Phi6 bacteriophage as a surrogate for enveloped viruses. Additionally, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in all wastewater samples was determined using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR), targeting three genetic markers (N1, N2 and E). Using spiked samples, the Phi6 recoveries were estimated at 2.6-11.6% using ultrafiltration-based methods and 22.2-51.5% using PEG precipitation. There was no significant difference in recovery efficiencies (p < 0.05) between the PEG procedure with and without a 16 h overnight incubation, demonstrating the feasibility of obtaining same day results. The SARS-CoV-2 genetic markers were more often detected by RT-ddPCR than RT-qPCR with higher sensitivity and precision. While all three SARS-CoV-2 genetic markers were detected using RT-ddPCR, the levels of E gene were almost below the limit of detection using RT-qPCR. Collectively, our study suggested PEG precipitation is an effective low-cost procedure which allows a large number of samples to be processed simultaneously in a routine wastewater monitoring for SARS-CoV-2. RT-ddPCR can be implemented for the absolute quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genetic markers in different wastewater matrices.
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