ArticleDiabetologia2021
On the causal relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, obesity and dysglycaemia in type 2 diabetes.
Article in Diabetologia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses on Consumption of Different Food Groups and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Maternal high-protein/low-glycemic-index diet during pregnancy impairs offspring lipid profile-a randomized controlled trial.European journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Nutrient and non-nutrient regulators of insulin secretion.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- The central role of the β-cell in diabetes: from monogenic forms to type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Hyperinsulinaemia as a cause of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Insulin Levels Early in Perimenopause Inform Vasomotor Symptom Incidence Across the Menopausal Transition.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Is high insulin protective or detrimental? Mathematical modeling reveals the base of the iceberg.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Review
- Beyond Glucose-Rethinking Prediabetes for Precision Prevention.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- The value and impact of weight reduction from the perspective of people with type 2 diabetes in the United States.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Insulin Resistance Is Not Associated With Perceived Exertion or Cerebral Oxygenation During Exercise in Women.Translational sports medicine · 2026Article
- Calcium dysregulation in diabetic cardiomyopathy & heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Mechanisms and Drug-Augmenting Strategies of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Preserving β-Cell in Type 2 Diabetes.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- Senotherapeutics for metabolic disease and diabetic complications.Journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- Differentiating obesity with and without prediabetes through skin findings: results from PREVIEW sub-study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- GLP-1 receptor agonists and cancer: current clinical evidence and translational opportunities for preclinical research.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- The role of the beta cell in type 2 diabetes: new findings from the last 5 years.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- Insulin levels early in perimenopause inform vasomotor symptom incidence across the menopausal transition.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Fatty acids and physical activity are critical for β-cell mass and insulin sensitivity: Pathways to T2D and prevention.Journal of theoretical biology · 2025Article
- Ketones and Insulin: A Paradoxical Interplay With Implications for Glucose Metabolism.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2025Review
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Hundreds of millions of people are affected by hyperinsulinaemia, insulin resistance, obesity and the dysglycaemia that mark a common progression from metabolic health to type 2 diabetes. Although the relative contribution of these features and the order in which they appear may differ between individuals, the common clustering and seemingly progressive nature of type 2 diabetes aetiology has guided research and clinical practice in this area for decades. At the same time, lively debate around the causal relationships between these features has continued, as new data from human trials and highly controlled animal studies are presented. This 'For debate' article was prompted by the review in Diabetologia by Esser, Utzschneider and Kahn ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05245-x ), with the purpose of reviewing established and emerging data that provide insight into the relative contributions of hyperinsulinaemia and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in progressive stages between health, obesity and diabetes. It is concluded that these beta cell defects are not mutually exclusive and that they are both important, but at different stages.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.