ArticleEthnicity & disease2021
Use of Zip Code Based Aggregate Indicators to Assess Race Disparities in COVID-19.
Article in Ethnicity & disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: In the first six months of the pandemic, information on race and ethnicity was missing for half of the US COVID-19 cases. Combining case ascertainment with census-based zip code indicators may identify COVID-19 race-ethnicity disparities in the absence of individual-level data. Design: Ecological retrospective study for the period March-July 2020. Setting: Population-based investigation, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Participants: All COVID-19 cases, adjusted for zip code area population, in the early period of the pandemic. Main Outcome Measures: Monthly COVID-19 incidence and requests for human services by zip code level indicators of race-ethnicity and poverty. Results: In the early period of the pandemic, COVID-19 incidence was higher in zip codes with a greater proportion of racial and ethnic minorities. Zip codes with the highest quartile of minority residents (>25.1% of population) had a COVID-19 incidence of 60.1 (95% CI: 51.7-68.5) per 10,000 in this period; zip codes with the lowest quartile of minority residents (<6.3%) had an incidence of 31.3 (95% CI: 14.4-48.2). Requests for human services during this period (volume of 211 calls and county services) confirm these disparities. Conclusion: Use of census-defined race-ethnicity proportions by zip code offers a way to identify disparities when individual race-ethnicity data are unavailable.
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