ArticleNature neuroscience2021
X-chromosome influences on neuroanatomical variation in humans.
Article in Nature neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Country-level gender inequality is associated with structural differences in the brains of women and men.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Pooled it
- Chromosome X-wide association study in multiple system atrophy identifies sex-differential risk loci.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in face looking preferences at birth.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Regional sex differences in human cortical anatomy vary in their morphometric bases and overlap with sex chromosomal and gonadal influences.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Robust but independent sex differences in human brain function, structure, and behavior.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Genetic insights on the mechanisms of human cortical folding.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Escape from X inactivation varies across genes and tissues and shapes sex-biased sex chromosome gene expression.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Relationship between X chromosome mosaicism, neuroanatomy and cognitive performance in females.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and related sex differences.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Before hormones: early sex-specific mechanisms shaping nervous system development, function, and postnatal disease susceptibility.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Fractal analysis of brain shape formation predicts age and genetic similarity in human newborns.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Intergenerational neuroimaging's present and future: Considering sex as a biological variable to enhance knowledge of brain development through parent-offspring similarity.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Review
- Global, regional, and national burden and trends of mental disorders in women of childbearing age: a systematic analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2021.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Insights into natural neocentromere evolution from a cattle T2T X chromosome.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Steroid hormone-mediated epigenetic programming during puberty: uncovering links to depression.Epigenomics · 2025Review
- Fractionation of sex differences in human cortical anatomy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Contribution of rare coding variants to microcephaly in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders.Genome medicine · 2025Article
- Role of X chromosome and dosage-compensation mechanisms in complex trait genetics.American journal of human genetics · 2025Article
- X-chromosome-wide association study for Alzheimer's disease.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- 'Unravelling the shared genetic architecture between suicidality and subcortical brain volume: a genome-wide association study'.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The X-chromosome has long been hypothesized to have a disproportionate influence on the brain based on its enrichment for genes that are expressed in the brain and associated with intellectual disability. Here, we verify this hypothesis through partitioned heritability analysis of X-chromosome influences (XIs) on human brain anatomy in 32,256 individuals from the UK Biobank. We first establish evidence for dosage compensation in XIs on brain anatomy-reflecting larger XIs in males compared to females, which correlate with regional sex-biases in neuroanatomical variance. XIs are significantly larger than would be predicted from X-chromosome size for the relative surface area of cortical systems supporting attention, decision-making and motor control. Follow-up association analyses implicate X-linked genes with pleiotropic effects on cognition. Our study reveals a privileged role for the X-chromosome in human neurodevelopment and urges greater inclusion of this chromosome in future genome-wide association studies.
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34294918What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.