ArticleNature communications2021
National parochialism is ubiquitous across 42 nations around the world.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Gender differences in cooperation across 20 societies: a meta-analysis.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Pooled it
- The Evolutionary-Ecological Basis of Xenophilia.Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Social media users experience more political hostility in less economically equal and less democratic societies.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- The private solution trap in collective action problems across 34 nations.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Honour, competition and cooperation across 13 societies.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- The co-occurrence of ingroup and outgroup prosociality across 121 societies.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Social identity and cooperation co-evolve in a multilevel public goods game.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Learning reduces ingroup bias more with perceived losses than gains across cultures.NPJ science of learning · 2025Article
- Beyond ingroup favoritism: Investigating cross-national social preferences across 25 nations.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Guilt drives prosociality across 20 countries.Nature human behaviour · 2025Article
- Cognitive processes of ingroup favoritism across 20 countries: An eye-tracking investigation of culture, behavior, and cognition.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Increased complexity of social category markers leads to diverse rule-based categorizations and reduced intergroup bias.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation in intergenerational cooperation.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Message source effects on rejection and costly punishment of criticism across cultures.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Article
- Free mobility across group boundaries promotes intergroup cooperation.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Patterns of partisan toxicity and engagement reveal the common structure of online political communication across countries.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Large Language Models based on historical text could offer informative tools for behavioral science.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Reinforcement learning of altruistic punishment differs between cultures and across the lifespan.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cooperation within and across borders is of paramount importance for the provision of public goods. Parochialism - the tendency to cooperate more with ingroup than outgroup members - limits contributions to global public goods. National parochialism (i.e., greater cooperation among members of the same nation) could vary across nations and has been hypothesized to be associated with rule of law, exposure to world religions, relational mobility and pathogen stress. We conduct an experiment in participants from 42 nations (N = 18,411), and observe cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma with ingroup, outgroup, and unidentified partners. We observe that national parochialism is a ubiquitous phenomenon: it is present to a similar degree across the nations studied here, is independent of cultural distance, and occurs both when decisions are private or public. These findings inform existing theories of parochialism and suggest it may be an obstacle to the provision of global public goods.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.