ReviewCell & bioscience2021
Exosomal delivery of therapeutic modulators through the blood-brain barrier; promise and pitfalls.
Review in Cell & bioscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed.
- Extracellular Vesicles in Diffuse Midline Glioma: Emerging Mediators of Radiation Response and Therapeutic Resistance.Cancers · 2026Review
- Exercise‑induced extracellular vesicle microRNA regulates physiological function (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Review
- Engineered Pericyte-Targeted Extracellular Vesicles Protect Against Hypoperfusion-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Demyelination.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Engineering RVG-modified exosomes for targeting TGF-β1 signaling in stroke recovery.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Engineered Exosomes: Innovative Strategies for Precision Drug Delivery in Parkinson's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Application of dendritic cell extracellular vesicles as a valid nanoparticle platform for cancer therapies: a narrative review.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Review
- The AMPK-BECN1-System Xc⁻ Pathway in Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Exosome-Based Therapy.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Hydrogel Embedding of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Supports Extracellular Vesicle Production.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2026Article
- Glomerular routing of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles substantiates urinary biopsy.Science advances · 2026Article
- miR‑205: A dual regulator of angiogenesis in health and disease (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Controlling Biogenesis and Engineering of Exosomes to Inhibit Growth and Promote Death in Glioblastoma Multiforme.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Blood-brain Barrier Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Current neurovascular research · 2026Review
- Emerging pathological mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: from neuroimmune interactions to intercellular communication.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Brain neurovascular unit in response to intra- and extra-central nervous system cancers: implications, mechanisms, and challenges.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2025Review
- Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Therapy: Stem Cell Clinical Trials and Promise of Engineered Exosomes.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Review
- Molecular Mechanisms of Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Their Impact on the Design of Custom EVs.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Review
- Small Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease: Emerging Roles in Pathogenesis, Biomarker Discovery, and Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Exosomes as Biomarkers and Therapeutic Agents in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Insights and Future Directions.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Neuroangiogenesis potential of mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles in ischemic stroke conditions.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Nowadays, a large population around the world, especially the elderly, suffers from neurological inflammatory and degenerative disorders/diseases. Current drug delivery strategies are facing different challenges because of the presence of the BBB, which limits the transport of various substances and cells to brain parenchyma. Additionally, the low rate of successful cell transplantation to the brain injury sites leads to efforts to find alternative therapies. Stem cell byproducts such as exosomes are touted as natural nano-drug carriers with 50-100 nm in diameter. These nano-sized particles could harbor and transfer a plethora of therapeutic agents and biological cargos to the brain. These nanoparticles would offer a solution to maintain paracrine cell-to-cell communications under healthy and inflammatory conditions. The main question is that the existence of the intact BBB could limit exosomal trafficking. Does BBB possess some molecular mechanisms that facilitate the exosomal delivery compared to the circulating cell? Although preliminary studies have shown that exosomes could cross the BBB, the exact molecular mechanism(s) beyond this phenomenon remains unclear. In this review, we tried to compile some facts about exosome delivery through the BBB and propose some mechanisms that regulate exosomal cross in pathological and physiological conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.