ArticleNutrition journal2021
Socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors modifies the association between snack foods intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome.
Article in Nutrition journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association of socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors with incident diabetes among individuals with prediabetes: a prospective cohort study from UK Biobank.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Children's executive functioning and health behaviors across pediatric life stages and ecological contexts.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- Health Behavior Adherence in a Metropolitan-Based Metabolic Syndrome Management Program during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome · 2024Article
- Association of main meal frequency and skipping with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study.Nutrition journal · 2023Article
- Association between lifestyle and metabolic syndrome incidence of workers in northern Okinawa, Japan: A cohort study.Preventive medicine reports · 2022Article
- Snacking pattern of college students in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study.BMC nutrition · 2022Article
- Impact of the Intake of Snacks and Lifestyle Behaviors on Obesity among University Students Living in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- College Students' Perception of Snacks Sold in Vending Machines in the US: A Mixed-Methods Study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundIntake of snack foods has been previously associated with an elevated risk of chronic disease; however, studies on snack foods and metabolic syndrome (MetS) while considering the modifying effect of socioeconomic status (SES) and lifestyle factors on this association are lacking. We aimed to investigate the association between snack foods intake and the MetS risk, and the mediatory effects of SES and lifestyle factors on the forenamed association among adults who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006-2018).
methodsThis is a prospective study of 1915 participants (male, 40.5%), aged 19-74 year who were free of MetS at baseline. Dietary intakes were gathered using a validated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline (2006-2008), and with 3-year intervals afterwards. Alternative approach was used for snack foods from all available questionnaires during follow-up. Snack foods were divided into 4 categories, including total snacks, biscuits and cakes, candies and chocolate, and salty snacks. Total snack foods intake and its subgroup (serving/week) were modeled as tertiles. MetS was diagnosed according to the Joint Interim Statement criteria. Physical activity level (PAL) categorized as low/medium and high levels. Information regarding smoking (Smoker/Non-smoker), education (higher/lower education), and occupation (employed/non-employed) was gathered using questionnaire. The Cox regression was used, regarding interaction between snack foods, SES, and PAL on the MetS risk.
resultsA total of 591 incident MetS cases were diagnosed during 8.9 years of follow-up. The median total snack foods intake was 5.2 serving/week (IQR: 3.0-9.1). Total snack foods intake was positively associated with the MetS risk after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted for age and gender, energy intake, total fiber intake, smoking status, PAL, education levels, family history of diabetes, family history of CVD events, and BMI). After adjustment for confounders, among snacks' subgroups, candies and chocolate intake was positively associated with MetS risk. Moreover, among lower-educated and non-employed participants, candies and chocolate intake was positively associated with the MetS risk, by 38 and 43% respectively. Stratification based on PAL resulted a positive association between intake of total snack foods and candies and chocolates and risk of MetS among participants with low PAL.
conclusionSnack foods, especially candies and chocolate, increased the risk of MetS, among individuals with a low PAL.
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