Observational studyThe American journal of clinical nutrition2021
Nutrient composition of preterm mother's milk and factors that influence nutrient content.
Observational study in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Total Fat and Fatty Acid Composition of Preterm Human Milk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Immediate fortification of human milk with a bovine milk-derived human milk fortifier in very low birth weight infants: a randomized clinical trial.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Trial
- Early Human Milk Fortification in Infants Born Extremely Preterm: A Randomized Trial.Pediatrics · 2023Trial
- Article
- The Changing Landscape of Sodium Needs in the Preterm Neonate for Optimizing Growth and Development.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Improving the composition of donor milk using machine learning and optimisation techniques.PloS one · 2026Article
- Mineral Profiling of Preterm, Term Breast Milk, and Commercial Infant Formula: Evaluating Nutritional Adequacy for Premature Neonates.Preventive nutrition and food science · 2026Article
- Association between nonacidified standard and high-protein human milk fortifiers and increased weight velocity relative to acidified human milk fortifiers in preterm infants: A retrospective cohort study.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2026Article
- Diurnal rhythms in melatonin and cortisol in very preterm human milk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Improved Growth Velocity Using a New Liquid Human Milk Fortifier in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Multicenter, Retrospective Study.American journal of perinatology · 2025Article
- Improved linear growth after routine zinc supplementation in preterm very low birth weight infants.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Reply to B Stansfield.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Differences in Zinc Content in Preterm Human Milk May Depend on Your Definition of "Preterm".Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- Benefits of an Exclusive Human Milk Diet in a Very Preterm Infant With an Ileostomy: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- Review
- Early-life sodium deprivation programs long-term changes in ingestive behaviors and energy expenditure in C57BL/6J mice.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2023Article
- Trend and Predictors of Breastmilk Feeding among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in NICU and at Discharge.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Growth after implementing a donor breast milk program in neonates <33 weeks gestational age or birthweight <1500 grams: Retrospective cohort study.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2023Article
- Health disparities in preterm births.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Sodium and Growth in Preterm Infants: A Review.Newborn (Clarksville, Md.) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBreast milk feedings are the optimal feeding choice for premature infants. Clinicians depend on accurate nutrient profiles of the breast milk in order to make informed decisions regarding the need for nutrient supplementation. Existing data for nutrient composition of preterm breast milk are dated and not representative of the current population of women delivering prematurely in the United States.
objectivesThe purpose of this prospective, longitudinal, single-center observational study was to measure the macronutrient and micronutrient composition of breast milk expressed by mothers, including women who self-identify as black, delivering preterm infants at ≤33 completed weeks of gestation.
methodsWe collected breast milk samples from mothers of preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at Augusta University Medical Center from January 2019 through November 2019. Mother's milk samples were collected on postpartum days 7, 14, 21, and 28 and analyzed for macronutrients (energy, fat, protein, and carbohydrates) and micronutrients (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and zinc).
resultsThirty-eight mothers, mean age 27 ± 5.1 y and majority black (66%), provided milk for the study. The mean estimated gestational age and birth weight were 28.2 ± 2.8 weeks of gestation and 1098 ± 347 g, respectively, with 42% of mothers in the cohort delivering before week 28 of pregnancy. Differences in protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and zinc concentrations based on race, day, and milk volume were identified. Dilution effects for protein, sodium, chloride, and vitamin D concentrations over time were identified.
conclusionsOur study is among the first to characterize breast milk composition from women who delivered extremely preterm infants and adds to the evidence that race, gestational age, and volume influence the composition of preterm mother's milk. These factors should be considered when designing mother's milk-based feeds for premature infants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.