ArticlePloS one2021
Measuring leadership an assessment of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Gender Differences in the Relationships Between Coach Transformational Leadership and Player Satisfaction and Commitment: A Meta-Analytic Review.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Pooled it
- Leadership Styles Among Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Within the Full Range Leadership Framework.Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy) · 2026Article
- The mediating role of knowledge transfer in the relationship between transformational leadership and digital healthcare performance in the Eastern Health Cluster, Saudi Arabia.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Leadership and Burnout in Anatomic Pathology Laboratories: Findings from Greece's Attica Region.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Intraspecific Variation and Environmental Determinants of Leaf Functional Traits inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Assessment of a workplace training intervention targeting bullying and mental health for construction industry apprentices: a three-pillared approach.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Change in Organizational Structure Influences Perceived Leadership in a Dutch Radiotherapy Center.Journal of healthcare leadership · 2025Article
- Surviving a crisis: A multilevel model of leadership styles, employees' psychological capital and organizational resilience.PloS one · 2025Article
- Adopting Soft Logic to enhance an Adizes tool: A comprehensive approach to represent the evaluation of management styles.PloS one · 2025Article
- CEO Dimensions and Their Mediating Role on Innovation Capabilities: An Empirical Study of Colombian MSMEs.F1000Research · 2025Article
- Full range leadership style and its effect on effectiveness, employee satisfaction, and extra effort: an empirical study.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Leadership as a determinant of need fulfillment: implications for meta-theory, methods, and practice.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Measuring educational leadership in Singapore: re-examining the psychometric properties of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Transformational and Transactional Leadership in the Polish Organizational Context: Validation of the Full and Short Forms of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Divergent effects of transformational leadership on safety compliance: A dual-path moderated mediation model.PloS one · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although the most used measure of transformational leadership, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), has been the subject of intense scrutiny among leadership scholars, little interest has been shown in analyzing the relationship between its underlying constructs and / or their measures. The present study identifies a formative factor structure for most MLQ first-order factors, replacing the usual reflective model. We demonstrate the value of this structure using data from two different samples. First, we applied the MLQ to a sample of 129 police officers from the Catalan Police workforce. Second, we ran an online survey with 300 US citizens. We argue that three second-order factors (transformational, transactional, and laissez faire) should be used as emergent aggregate multidimensional models to describe three different leadership styles, challenging the ubiquitous multidimensional latent models favored in the extant literature. We then propose that transformational/charismatic leadership should be treated as a multidimensional emergent profile model, replacing the leadership development order of precedence, which is dominant in modern leadership research.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.