ReviewPLoS neglected tropical diseases2021
A review of the leishmanin skin test: A neglected test for a neglected disease.
Review in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Global Landscape of Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic Tests for Human Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- An observational study to test the potency of GLP-grade phenol-free lyophilised leishmanin antigen formulation.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Report of the Seventh Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Consortium meeting, Kolkata, India, 28-29 November 2024.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Development of DNA Aptamers AgainstPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Revisiting visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients: Ongoing gaps and advances in diagnostics, therapies, and preventive measures.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2026Review
- Systematic suppression of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity response in American cutaneous leishmaniasis.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- Humoral and T-Cell-Mediated Immunity AgainstPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- ThePathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Antigenic reactivity of Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni axenic amastigote proved to be a suitable alternative for optimizing Montenegro skin test.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Clinical and parasitological features of Leishmania infection among gold miners in the Oiapoque basin, an international Brazil-French Guiana border.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Beyond schistosomiasis: unraveling co-infections and altered immunity.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Demographic characteristics and prevalence of asymptomaticFrontiers in epidemiology · 2024Article
- Production of leishmanin skin test antigen from Leishmania donovani for future reintroduction in the field.Nature communications · 2023Article
- A neglected among the neglected: a review of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2023Review
- From Infection to Death: An Overview of the Pathogenesis of Visceral Leishmaniasis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Mucosal Leishmaniasis of the lip: Report of an Exuberant case in a Young man.Head and neck pathology · 2023Article
- Recent Advances in the Development of Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccines for Parasitic Infections.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Montenegro skin test: Distracted by the promise of modernity?Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2023Article
- Article
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Emergence in Southeastern Mexico: The Case of the State of Yucatan.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The leishmanin skin test (LST) has been used for decades to detect exposure and immunity to the parasite Leishmania, the causative agent of the neglected tropical disease leishmaniasis. In the LST, Leishmania antigen (leishmanin) is intradermally injected into the forearm. In an individual who has been previously infected, a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction results in a measurable induration at the site of the injection, indicating that previous exposure to Leishmania has resulted in the development of cell-mediated immunity. LST positivity is associated with long-lasting protective immunity against reinfection, most notably as reported for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Despite efforts over the past few decades, leishmanin antigen is no longer produced under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions anywhere in the world. Consequently, the use of the LST in epidemiological studies has declined in favor of serological and molecular tests. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the LST and justification for the reintroduction of leishmanin. A GMP-grade leishmanin can be used to detect immunity in vivo by the LST and can be investigated for use in an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA), which may serve as an in vitro version of the LST. The LST will be a valuable tool for surveillance and epidemiological studies in support of the VL elimination programs and as a surrogate marker of immunity in vaccine clinical trials.
methodsA review of the literature was conducted using PubMed as the primary database, with MeSH terms "leishmanin skin test" OR "Montenegro test" OR "Montenegro skin test." Articles written in English that describe the history or standardization of leishmanin, the use of leishmanin in an IGRA, or the use of the LST in epidemiological studies or vaccine trials were prioritized in our appraisal of the literature.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.