Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34290608›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2021

Hyperprogressive Disease in Cancers Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Pan Shen, Liang Han, Xin Ba, Kai Qin, Shenghao Tu

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
2.1field-weighted citation impact, top 10% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Hyperprogressive disease in carcinoma induced by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a systematic review.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026
    Pooled it
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  11. Intravesical instillation-based mTOR-STAT3 dual targeting for bladder cancer treatment.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2024
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Pan ShenDepartment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Liang HanDepartment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Xin BaDepartment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Kai QinDepartment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Shenghao TuDepartment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Huazhong University of Science and Technology · CNTongji Hospital · CN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Immunotherapy, which takes advantage of the immune system to eliminate cancer cells, has been widely studied and applied in oncology. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) prevent the immune system from being turned off before cancer cells are eliminated. They have proven to be among the most promising and effective immunotherapies, with significant survival benefits and durable responses in diverse tumor types. However, an increasing number of retrospective studies have found that some patients treated with ICIs experience unusual responses, including accelerated proliferation of tumor cells and rapid progression of the disease, with poor outcomes. Such unexpected adverse events are termed hyperprogressive disease (HPD), and their occurrence suggests that ICIs are detrimental to a subset of cancer patients. HPD is common, with an incidence ranging between 4 and 29% in several cancer types. However, the mechanisms of HPD remain poorly understood, and no clinical predictive factors of HPD have been identified. In this review, we summarize current findings, including retrospective studies and case reports, and focus on several key issues including the defining characteristics, predictive biomarkers, potential mechanisms of HPD, and strategies for avoiding HPD after ICI treatment.

Indexed as

hyperprogressive diseaseimmune checkpoint inhibitorsimmunotherapypredictive biomarkerpseudoprogression

Identifiers

PMID34290608
PMCPMC8287409
OpenAlexW3186971878

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.