Trial reportNature microbiology2021
Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in 45,965 adults from the general population of the United Kingdom.
Trial report in Nature microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 192 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
192 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 345 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 antibody responses in individuals with natural immunity and with vaccination-induced immunity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effectiveness of CoronaVac in a pioneer risk-based allocation clinical trial during the COVID-19 pandemic.PloS one · 2026Trial
- Robust humoral and cellular recall responses to AZD1222 attenuate breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to unvaccinated.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Endemic penetrance of SARS-CoV-2 has impacted marginally on immunity to spike protein of human coronaviruses.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Body composition measurement and diabetes - A new perspective on development of antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Humoral response dynamics following inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and their association with subsequent infection and symptoms in individuals with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection: evidence from Sichuan Province, China.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Serological Response After the Fourth Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine in Highly Immunosuppressed Patients.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Humoral immune response following the third dose of BNT162b2 received by employees at a Slovak cancer healthcare facility.Biomedical reports · 2025Article
- Core-shell microcapsules compatible with routine injection enable prime/boost immunization against malaria with a single shot.Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Responses in a Clinical Study of a Biosimilar Candidate to Denosumab Using Singlicate Analysis.Drugs in R&D · 2025Article
- Evaluation of combined BCG and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for immune enhancement and lung protection in Syrian hamsters.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- SIRT2 suppresses aging-associated cGAS activation and protects aged mice from severe COVID-19.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Demographic and Clinical Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Nucleocapsid Antibody Response Among Previously Infected US Adults: The C4R Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Human genetics of responses to vaccines.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Review
- Learning from inborn errors of immunity and secondary immune deficiencies about vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Review
- High SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels after three consecutive BNT162b2 booster vaccine doses in nursing home residents.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Article
- Distinct virologic trajectories in chronic hepatitis B identify heterogeneity in response to nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2025Article
- Mechanistic models of humoral kinetics following COVID-19 vaccination.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2025Article
132 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
22 authors at 11 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We report that in a cohort of 45,965 adults, who were receiving either the ChAdOx1 or the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, in those who had no prior infection with SARS-CoV-2, seroconversion rates and quantitative antibody levels after a single dose were lower in older individuals, especially in those aged >60 years. Two vaccine doses achieved high responses across all ages. Antibody levels increased more slowly and to lower levels with a single dose of ChAdOx1 compared with a single dose of BNT162b2, but waned following a single dose of BNT162b2 in older individuals. In descriptive latent class models, we identified four responder subgroups, including a 'low responder' group that more commonly consisted of people aged >75 years, males and individuals with long-term health conditions. Given our findings, we propose that available vaccines should be prioritized for those not previously infected and that second doses should be prioritized for individuals aged >60 years. Further data are needed to better understand the extent to which quantitative antibody responses are associated with vaccine-mediated protection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.